Study on the Problem of Money Laundering

Study on the Problem of Money Laundering Part 1: 1) Introduction: Illegal tax avoidance is a worldwide issue. Estimating its effect is intense, as it happens behind everyones eyes and it evidently is a harmless wrongdoing. However the harm it cans be crushing to the monetary area and economys genuine and outer segment, particularly if there should arise an occurrence of a creating nation. On the other hand, compelling enemy of illegal tax avoidance approaches can strengthen a scope of good-administration strategies. This in result causes the nation to support prudent development especially by making the money related segment more grounded. 1.1) Background In view of the overall developing worries over tax evasion, G-7 highest point built up Financial Action Task Force (FATF) in Paris in1989. Its motivation was to create a worldwide reaction to this expanding issue. From that point forward this association has been assuming an indispensable job in handling tax evasion. It works intimately with other global bodies that creates and controls Anti-Money Laundering (AML) strategies around the world. FATF individuals have 29 nations and purview remembers major monetary habitats for Asia, North and South America, Europe-just as the European Commission and The Gulf Co-Operation Council. 1.1.1) Problem articulation Today a countrys economy to a great extent relies on the progression of innovation. It made the activity significantly simpler, yet it accompanied its own test. Which concerns the global money related network the most is the trouble makers are additionally utilizing the innovation to give their returns of wrongdoings a lawful look. In short the cash made by different crimes in different pieces of the world is infused into a countries economy to cover it or give it a legal appearance. This framework is known as Money Laundering and this issue is developing to a genuine extent after some time. IMF assessed that the total size of laundered cash overall is 2% to 5% of worldwide GDP in 1998. Notwithstanding who or how the filthy cash is being utilized, the operational framework or strategy is consistently the equivalent. It is a unique three phase process. The stages are: Situation An enormous volume of money which was gotten through illicit methods is set in to the budgetary framework, can be utilized to purchase significant expense thing or might be pirated out of the nation. The point here is to change the money into some other sort of resource for stay away from recognition. Layering-this stage happens to conceal the genuine beginning of the unlawful cash. Here in layering stage a mind boggling set of exchange happens to darken the path of that real money and its genuine proprietorship. Now the progression of innovation encourages them. One the techniques are Electronic Fund Transfer (EFTs). Others incorporate transformation of money related instrument, interests in genuine organizations, buying genuine bequests. In the vast majority of the EFTs are utilized much of the time. On account of the bustling ways of life and simple access, a great deal of EFTs are handled regular. Among every one of those when a Phony EFT happens between a seaward record and a shell organization, It is entirely difficult to detect a criminal exchange from the start look. Joining The last advance of the procedure where the unlawful cash confesses all to its proprietor and afterward coordinated to the economy as venture into a legitimate business. When incorporated, it conceals the character or source significantly further. 1.1.2) Research essentialness There has been little investigation into the impacts of tax evasion on the financial development, especially in a creating nation. The majority of the analysts and their works were centered around estimating the sum and utilization of illegal tax avoidance. Consequently most of this immense subject has stayed unstudied. Subsequently the creating nations, which are the prime channels for global illegal tax avoidance, are experiencing the requirement for the rules to stop the disintegration of the drawn out monetary development brought about by this issue. 1.1.3) Research question In a creating countrys economy the job of the money related establishments, for example, banks, non-bank monetary foundations (NBFI), value advertise are basic. They help to continue the financial development by concentrating the residential investment funds, even the abroad subsidizing. For all these picking up client trust is crucial. Illegal tax avoidance disintegrates these establishment and influences the client trust as this is interrelated with other crimes that is performed by the laborers in budgetary part or government. Other than that, tax evasion encourages residential debasement and wrongdoing which results discouraged financial development. It additionally redirects the assets to less profitable movement. In the light of above conversation, proposed work is on following inquiries: What is illegal tax avoidance? What are the negative impacts of it on financial development? How can it hurt the creating nations? 1.2) Aims and goals The motivation behind this investigation is to break down destructive impacts of the illegal tax avoidance on the monetary development of a creating nation. In view of the more fragile economy, absence of solid strategies and nearly simple guidelines the creating nations become an open market for such exercises. Consequently those nations have degree to improve their strategies, guidelines and laws. The targets of the proposed investigation are to know: What divisions are for the most part being influenced? What is the degree of the harm? What can the created monetary network do? What sorts of approaches or guidelines are being executed? What sorts of strategies or guidelines can be improved? As the time propelled, illegal tax avoidance business has additionally advanced by staying up with the time. Innovation has made it increasingly imperceptible. The organizations are blasting and results are obvious. Be that as it may, administrative bodies are additionally making essential strides. They are fixing their fringes, instructing individuals, making mindfulness. Still these are insufficient for the nations influenced. More often than not, they dont have enough assets to occupy to that part. Subsequently they are draining inside. Accordingly we can accept the accompanying: The greater part of the monetary harm done by tax evasion through its creating nation channel is to the detriment of the creating economy. The more fragile guidelines and approaches are the more freedom a tax criminal gets. In this manner they have to reinforce themselves, with the assistance of others if vital. The nations with the created economy have adequate assets, along these lines alternatives to battle this specific wrongdoing. Be that as it may, if there should be an occurrence of the creating economies, if not took care of in time, it can misshape speculation, empower wrongdoing and defilement and increment the danger of large scale monetary insecurity. Through this examination a few arrangements might be found, or if nothing else the gravity of the risk ahead. 1.3) Limitations The development of illegal tax avoidance issue is immense. Simultaneously a more prominent bit of this wrongdoing is goes unreported, consequently unnoticed. Specialists everywhere throughout the world has been attempting to get an appropriate handle of the entire issue. The advancements that are being made are on the usage of AML arrangements and lawful segment. In any case, there is an extraordinary absence of research on the impacts and results of illegal tax avoidance in the creating economies. Hence there isn't sufficient information accessible to arrive at any careful resolution. Additionally, this examination depends on the optional information. So assessing the current information was impractical. To have the option to do as such, a more significant level of intercession, for example Government, global financial authority and so on is important as this examination includes the national money related information. 1.4) Overview The primary section of this exploration presents the territory or the point to the crowd. What is illegal tax avoidance, how large or immense the issue is, how could it start and how it is done, what are the specialists doing about it and what are the constraints of this specific research has been portrayed in this segment. The subsequent section incorporates a broad and investigative audit of the current writing that is accessible to allude to about this subject.(incomplete**) Part 2 2) Literature audit 2.1) presentation This piece of the report contains an exhaustive and basic investigation of the books diaries, articles and different materials that is accessible on illegal tax avoidance. This audit gives the crowd a thought how much research has been done here. It additionally assists with getting a thought of the universes idea of tax evasion. 2.2) Review A channel or medium is required to do illegal tax avoidance movement. The favored medium that a Money launderer picks is the monetary organization that is effective and costs less while completing the exchanges (Masciandaro, 1999).Such exercises ruin the uprightness of those budgetary establishments and influences their adequacy or dependability. Because of their feeble honesty, they loses the speculators certainty and in the end direct remote ventures are diminished. This procedure thusly upsets the drawn out financial development of the nation. Barret (1997),Masciandaro and Portolano (2003), Paradise (1998) and Quirk (1997) contended in their investigations that the monetary and budgetary frameworks of a nation are undermined by tax evasion. In spite of tax evasion being a worldwide issue, there has been a little research in the territory of the unsafe consequences for economy. Some outstanding special case will incorporate Uche, C U (1999) and Masciandro, D (2000). The vast majority of the works were done on the legitimate structure or to create powerful AML arrangements throughout the years. In this way quality information on the inescapability or any drawn out example of the influenced economy is somewhat constrained. The beginnings of illegal tax avoidance can be followed as far back as 1930s in sorted out crimes (Bosworth-Davies and Saltmarsh, 1994). So plainly the idea is definitely not another one. Throughout the years it just developed over its extent. Monetary Action Task Force characterized the issue as: . . . the preparing of an enormous number of criminal acts to create benefit for individual or gathering that does the demonstration

ACT Essay Question Samples - Should You Expect One?

ACT Essay Question Samples - Should You Expect One?Act essay question samples can be of great help in preparing for the ACT. Many college admissions officers will ask you to provide a writing sample before they accept your application.However, if you are preparing for a test such as the CPA exam, you may be surprised to discover that the ACT has a fairly limited amount of sample questions. That is because the ACT specifically states that it is not designed to provide students with practice questions.For this reason, ACT usually assigns all of the sample ACT essays to a certain topic and then gives the students a variety of multiple choice format. However, these are not necessarily random sample essays and should not be relied upon for ACT essay preparation.One thing that makes ACT essay question samples useful is that they are frequently presented as part of a larger group. For example, one question might be 'What do you believe the greatest single need in society?' This is an exampl e of an ACT multiple choice format question, where you will be asked to rate all the statements.The multiple choice questions will include four different items, such as 'Scientists are searching for life on Mars,' or 'The search for Life on Mars is a long shot.' Once you answer these questions, the essay is scored on a scale of zero to five hundred. Each of the four questions is scored in accordance with its significance in the essay.ACT essay question samples are not intended to provide information for the reader. For instance, one might expect a question on Chinese in the ACT sample questions to explain why Chinese is a major language of commerce in China, but such a question would be incorrect. The multiple choice format will instead ask you to rate each statement according to the importance that you assign to it.It is important to note that the act does not require students to spend hours in the ACT test center preparing for the questions that are asked. Therefore, when you are asked to write your ACT essay, it will be up to you to determine how much time is available. At the same time, though, it is recommended that you invest a little more time in the ACT essay preparation than is typical.There are many ways that you can benefit from ACT essay writing sample questions. You should know that you can spend your time on them and find what you need, or you can put these types of questions off until the time that is most convenient for you. If you are able to prepare effectively, you can take part in ACT exams without difficulty.

Vendor Managed Inventory - Free Essay Example

Vendor Managed Inventory (VMI) is a planning and management system in which vendor is fully responsible for the replenishment of inventory based on timely point of sale information to the buyers (retailer) place. This concept helps increases the customer responsiveness by reducing the supply and demand gap thus giving the satisfaction to end customer by increasing availability of the desired product when customer wants it. Supply chain partners must share their vision of demand, requirement and constraint to set the common objectives (Guillaume et al; 2008). Quality of buyer supplier trust and relationship, quality of ICT system and intensity of information sharing has positive impact on VMI implementation (Marloes et al; 2008). Information technology combined with VMI offers a clear view of inventory holding location giving supplier better information for replenishment planning (Malla et al; 2007). Before implementation of VMI, analysis of the level of uncertainty of customer demand is needed as high uncertainty in demand negatively influences the performance attained through VMI (Kazim Sari 2007). Upstream data transferred to suppliers i.e. current inventory level and accurate sales forecast is the most important factor for the successful implementation of VMI (Astrid Vigtil, 2007). Benefits of VMI implementation depend on circumstantial factors surrounding the implementation and dyadic intentions (Jongkyung et al; 2009). Implementing VMI is not solo effort it can be beneficial if company wide effort is involved (George kuk, 2004). VMI supply chain has improved dynamic response which causes reduction in manufacturing on cost and transportation demand (S.M. Disney et al; 2003). VMI gives benefits to retailer as manufacturer stock more to reduce risk of stock out which in turn reduces retailer holding and shortage cost and increases its profit (Brendra k et al; 2004). No previous studies have ever offered to measure the implementation of VMI in FMCG sector of Pakistan. This paper is an effort to resolve that gap existed in previous literature. Implementation of VMI in FMCG sector of Pakistan is a major challenge for the FMCG companies and the retailers both. Maintaining of high quality error-free service in the dynamic and uncertain environment of Pakistan with lack of ICT infrastructure (information and communication technology) is a huge pressure. Due to heterogeneous customer base complete VMI implementation in this scenario is not possible so FMCG companies need to carry out its operation in both the way i.e . for the both VMI and non VMI customers. For flexible and fast communication between FMCG producers and retail chains proper ICT infrastructure is mandatory. So companies need to invest web-based information transfer systems like EDI (electronic data interchange). Adoption of VMI is not an easy task for companies as it requires heavy investment and commitment of retailers that how much they are willing to share POS information. Before full and final implementation of VMI companies must need to find out the necessary factors as the clear and fault free implementation will have a great influence on future business performance outcomes. Objective of this paper is to find out the suppliers/manufacturer perceived objectives, drivers, obstacles, performance outcomes for implementing Vendor Managed Inventory (VMI) in FMCG sector of Pakistan. Organizational objectives = Lead-time reduction, improvement in forecasting accuracy, improvement in customer service, improvement in profit ma rgin, improvement in rate of return, increase sales, control of bullwhip effect. Strategic drivers = Competition, shorter product life cycle, global supply chain, corporate restructuring. Obstacles = Ineffective organizational structure, lack of suitable it infrastructure, improper decision-support tool, lack of trust and mutual understanding between supply chain partners, internal/external integration. Performance outcomes = Effective production planning, effective forecasting, effective replenishment, effective inventory control and management, effetient logistics and distribution management. This paper is organized in sections. Section 1 offers the introduction; section 2 presents the literature review on previous research practices on VMI; section 3 is comprised of methodology: section 4 consist of data analysis and section 5 draws the conclusion and policy making regarding the findings. LITERATURE REVIEW Jan Holmstrom (1998) studied a single case study to analyze the benefits of implementation of SAP R/3 in VMI between vendor and its wholesaler. It is found that administrative cost for vendor product is reduced with reduced delivery cost which in turn gives benefit to end customer through low prices. It is also found that demand variability, inventory level and order per delivery lead time also greatly reduces which give competitive advantage to both vendor and whole seller. It is suggested that full benefit can be attained if vendor extends its number of customers. Sila cetinkaya et al (2000) studied the inventory replenishment and shipment decision in VMI through analytical model. Manufacturer with random demand patterns and retailers dispersed in different geographical areas are taken into account. Manufacturer has the freedom of holding small sized orders and dispatches it until the consolidation volume gathers. It is found that inventory costs are reduced if the inventory a nd shipments decision optimally coordinated. Susan cohen kulp (2002) studied the impact of internal information (sales and inventory) accuracy and its reliability on supply chain profits in vendor managed inventory. Theoretical models of two system traditional and VMI are analyzed which indicates that the accurate information helps manufacturer to forecast the consumer demand accurately which increases manufacturer and retailer over all profits. Hypothesis was tested through survey of 53 divisions of manufacturers in the FCPG industry. Result shows that use of VMI increases with the detail and reliability of retailers internal information and wholesale prices are lowered with the extent of VMI use. It is suggested that VMI will lead to higher supply chain profits if retailer and manufacturer both are willing to share accurate information and use this information in taking inventory management decisions. Terrance et al (2003) identified the distinction between supplier managed inventory (SMI) vendor managed inventory (VMI) through theoretical framework. Economic value analysis (EVA) is used to determine the non financial benefits and burdens of VMI and SMI implementation and effect of VMI and SMI on enhancement of share holder value.it is suggested that EVA analysis will help manager to identify the opportunities to increase the share holder value across both firms. S.M. Disney et al (2003) studied the effect of VMI strategies on transport operation and order batching activities. Three different scenarios traditional, internal consolidation and VMI are modeled through system dynamics methodology and tested through simulation. It was found that VMI supply chain has improved dynamic response which causes reduction in manufacturing on cost and transportation demand. Transportation cost saving in VMI is possible for long term and short term and this saving is not effected by escapable and inescapable cost. This paper may help in developing the policy regar ding VMI and supply chain (distribution, production scheduling etc.). S.M. Disney et al (2003) investigated the comparison between VMI and traditional seriously linked supply chain in producing bullwhip effect. Different equations are developed and simulation model testing was applied. Four variables as a source of bullwhip; price variations, rationing and gaming, demand signal processing, and order batching, were tested in traditional and VMI supply chain scenarios. It was found that through VMI supply chain all the variables can be avoided through well designed system. Demand signal processing and order batching can only be eliminated through inventory holding in traditional supply chain. For future it is suggested that VMI would be of greater benefit if the supplier uses inventory and sales information in making production and inventory management decision process. Johanna et al (2003) studied the greater demand visibility impacts on manufacturer production and inventory ma nagement and how it modifies the operational efficiency. Discrete event simulation is chosen as approach to study manufacturer of FMCG serving three distributors which serve several retail outlets. From result it is shown that greater demand visibility has positive impact on operational efficiency which greatly depends on product with shorter production planning cycle and low replenishment frequency. This research was limited to products with stable demand so it is suggested to do more research on products with variable demand. Jonah tyan and hui-ming wee (2003) studied the retailer and manufacturer partnership in the implementation of vendor managed inventory (VMI) system in the Taiwanese grocery industry. Case study analysis between PG a manufacturer of FMCG and Wellcome supermarket chains stores was selected. It was found that through VMI supply chain inventory level of retailer declined and service level of manufacturer distribution center improved. It is suggested that VMI w ould be effective to shorten the process of replenishment and give competiveness and opportunity to grow to both supply chain partners. Integration of online e grocery in VMI business model will be increasing its benefits. George kuk (2004) investigated the determinants and outcomes of VMI in electronic industry through survey of 94 employees of 25 companies who fully implemented VMI. Four hypotheses were created having 3 independent variables: organization size, number of employees involved in VMI and type of logistic integration, 3 dependent variables: information quality enhancement, service quality improvement and cost reduction. Through ANOVA testing it is analyzed that large level of employee involvement, small size of organization and integrated logistics achieves more benefits of VMI. It is suggested that implementing VMI is not solo effort it can be beneficial if company wide effort is involved. Brendra k et al (2004) investigated how the substitution brand competitio n gives benefit to retailer in VMI. Two level supply chain is taking having one retailer and 2 manufacturer of competing substitutable brand and through analysis of mathematical model it is found that VMI gives benefits to retailer as compare to non VMI as due to increase competition manufacturer stock more to reduce risk of stock out which in turn reduces retailer holding and shortage cost and increases its profit. For future research it is suggested to include inter retailer intra brand substitution competition. Pamela danese (2006) identified the way to use extended vendor managed inventory (VMI) both upstream and downstream amongst various supply chain partners to organize the information and material flows. Case study analysis approach is used taking supply chain network of leading pharmaceutical company GlaxoSmithKline (GSK). Through collected data it is shown that Information flows among the supply network members, information systems and performance monitoring system are some of the requisite of extended VMI. In GSK Information flow is achieved by EDI system which enhanced the service level, production capacity, and the inventory management. Central information system helps in production planning and order cycle processes in up stream and downstream supply network. Performance monitoring system motivates and improves the performance and allows supply chain members to over come their reluctances to share information. It is suggested that collaborative planning, forecasting and replenishment (CPFR) should be taken into consider future research on extended VMI. Yuliang Yao et al (2007) explored how supply chain parameters affect the cost saving in VMI and sharing of this benefit between buyer and supplier. Two level supply chain having single supplier and single buyer modeled. Through analysis of model it is found that inventory cost reduction greatly depend on ratio of order cost of supplier to buyer and ratio of carrying cost of supplier to buyer. Buyer takes all the benefits of inventory reduction whereas supplier inventory level may increased which may lead to high logistic cost to supplier side. So its suggested to have side payment arrangement between buyer and supplier to get VMI worked in long run. Malla et al (2007) investigated the impact of VMI model on organizations inventory associated cost. Case study of market leader of tyre manufacturer has taken which has which has largest distribution network across India, USA and UK. Through simulation of model it is found that integration of information technology provide a clear picture of inventory holding locations which helps supplier in planning and replenishment of inventory across supply chain, which reduces bullwhip effect, safety stock and W.I.P and improves customer service. Some of the limitations of this model are high initial investment cost and lack of integration of systems. Astrid Vigtil (2007) investigated the required information exchange in VMI with the support of five buyer-supplier pair in Norwegian geographic. Semi-structured detailed interviews were conducted with the representative of different companies having logistic managerial position or similar. It was concluded through interviews that flow of upstream data is more critical rather than downs-stream data. Visibility of current inventory status and sales forecast are most important factor for suppliers and there is different kind of information needed depends upon operational mode of buyer in make to stock and make to order. In future it is implicated that for the higher efficiency of VMI electronic integration and automatic data transfer should be priorities as it supports supplier in planning of replenishment. Kim et al (2006) explored the major factors for success of vendor managed inventory (VMI) in oligopolistic New Zealand food industries. A thorough investigation of case studies and literature review concerning from other industries and countries revealed se ven industry-level factors unified into a step-wise framework essential for successful VMI and strategic supply chain relationships. These factors are: identifying industry structure; evaluate rivalry within industry, determination of buyers power, industry profitability, improved long-term relationships, investment in supply chain technology and adoption of supply chain best practices. It is suggested that these framework will help to supply chain partners who wish to increase profitability through VMI but these conclusions are needed to be revised before applying to other less concentrated industries. .Kazim Sari (2007) examined the benefits of VMI in achieving the increased performance through different levels of outside supply capacity, demand uncertainty, and lead time. Data were collected through simulation model; Crystal Ball, an MS Excel add-in. After retrieving data statistical test MANOVA is applied and it was concluded that high uncertainty in customers demand has nega tive influence on the VMI performance. There is also a direct relationship between the manufacturing capacity of outside supplier and performance of VMI. As long as the ratio between retailer and supplier lead times remains constant the performance level of VMI remain unchanged. For future implication it is recommended that before taking any decision relating VMI implementation it is necessary to conduct cost-benefit analysis if upstream information sharing is poor or customer demand is highly uncertain. Mikael Stahl Elvander et al (2007) proposed the structure for the numerous setups that could be arranged while establishing a VMI system. Semi-structured interviews were conducted from 15 company of Switzerland. Six framework were prepared and tested against the focus group consisted of representative of nine different companies including suppliers and customers who already had implemented VMI, in workshop. Through workshop it was deduce that there are a number of different ways in which VMI system can be configured, that will limit a suppliers likelihood to employ the information made accessible through VMI. It is suggested that the challenges related to operation and management may differ in different VMI system configuration. This should be taken into consideration in order to find best optimal VMI system configuration. Atul B. Borade Satish V. Bansod (2008) studied motives, drivers, obstacles and benefits of VMI practices in e-environment. Key variables were compared between small and large Indian industry questionnaires were filled by 112 large companies and 86 small companies and hypothesis was tested through independent sample t-test. It was resulted that motives, drivers, obstacles and benefits are considerably different for small and large enterprises while adopting VMI. It was found that the major objective for SMEs is profit improvement and for large companies is improved customer service. Driver for SMEs is competition and for large companie s it is global supply chain. Obstacle in implementing VMI for SMEs is lack of IT infrastructure and for large companies is lack of trust between supply chain partners. Objective for SMEs is profit improvement and for large companies is improved customer service. Benefits gain for SMEs is better forecasting and for large companies is improved logistic and distribution management. It is suggested that IT can gives companies advantages to maximize end consumer value and reduce operating expense as it gives the real time information of marketing conditions. Guillaume Marques et al (2008) examined the integrated view of the VMI. Outside the short term pull system inventory replenishment, partners have to share their demand forecast, requirements and their limitations to fix middle/long term common objectives. In order to conduct the study 28 articles were review and it was concluded that there was no doubt about the real application of VMI in industry. What clearly is VMI and how can it be correctly implement in supply chain is not clear. It cannot be justify whether VMI is a model, a process, a strategy, a relationship, a link. Juhwen et al (2008) studied the supplier performance enhancement in term of total relevant cost/unit. Three different models were proposed for single supplier with heterogeneous retailers, one is uncooperative model with independent inventory management system, second model was VMI model in which supplier is responsible for inventory replenishment order cost and certain degree of holding cost and third model was VMI/CRE model, in which VMI is combined with CRE (common replenishment epochs) strategy. Data was analyzed through Algorithm and numerical experimental design and it was concluded that VMI and VMI/CRE results are significant for supplier performance as compared with uncooperative model. For the future implication it is suggested that the supplier are required to provide incentives such as price discounts to compensate the loss es which are bear by retailers so that aligning ordering schedules with CRE. Marloes J. T. Claassen et al (2008) studied the perspective of buyer in term of benefit gained through VMI. Research model was formulated having four key variables; quality of ICT system, quality of information, intensity of information sharing and relationship quality. Sample of 64 Dutch buyer responded through email and model was tested through Partial Least Square (PLS) technique. It was resulted that the quality of the buyer-supplier relation, quality of IT-system and intensity of service level has an impact on buyer-perceived VMI benefits and it is not impacted by actual quality of the information shared. Furthermore three outcomes of VMI performance are higher customer service level, efficient control over supply chain and cost reduction to some extent. It is proposed that the primary benefit of VMI implementation is not cost reduction; it is high customer service level and supply chain control whi ch can be obtained through better relationship with supplier and efficient IT infrastructure. Peter Southard and Scott Swensethy (2008) investigated the cost advantage gain from technology enabled vendor managed inventory. Actual data was taken from two Agricultural cooperatives farm fuel delivery systems of Nebraska due to its variable demand patterns and competitive environment. Inventory costs, delivery costs and stock outs were measured as performance outcome. It was resulted that technology enabled vendor managed inventory reduced costs and improved customer service levels. It is suggested that use of technology enabled vendor managed inventory can deals with many logistics problems. Jouni Kauremaa et al (2009) found out the types of benefits of VMI program and its sharing at the five levels (supplier vs. buyer). An exploratory multiple case study research methodology was used. Quantitative and qualitative data were collected through semi-structured interview from five op erational levels. It is concluded that for buyer and supplier, VMI can lead to strategic and operational benefit both which is depending on pair intentions and contextual factors surrounding the given application. It is suggested that with the help of contextual factors VMI system can be designed with more accurate and perfect implementation targets. Kari Tanskanen et al (2009) investigated the challenges faced by the construction industry at corporate level to manage logistics and to evaluate VMI as a solution of logistics for small items. Three residential house construction companies were elected located in Helsinki, quantitative and qualitative data were collected through web cameras observations and interviews. Percentage analysis was applied on quantitative data and on the bases of outcomes it was concluded that VMI is a suitable solution for small item logistics for the construction companies. For future it is implicated to work on other industries located in different geo graphical location. Jongkyung Park et al (2009) investigated a framework for integrative SRM (supplier relation ship management) system by exploring broad approaches to overall SRM functions. Frame work includes five stages: Setting up of purchasing strategies, Selection of a supplier, Cooperation, supplier valuation and enhancement and endowment of continuous improvement. For this past studies related to SRM were examined and a framework for an integrative SRM system was recommended through which a case study was performed constructed on the systematic hierarchy procedure with a field survey. Results shows that the benefits of SRM can be obtained through the suggested framework and it is applicable to real fields through application case. It is recommended that this framework will help purchasing manager to analyze strategic features of SRM before and during the SRM system operation. Francesco Zammori et al (2009) identified the standard configuration of a vendor managed inve ntory (VMI) contract which will be a building block for the initial explanation of the agreement. For this study an Italian plant was selected as an ideal candidate because of complexity of its manufacturing process and the data in the form of the information flow and the technical specifics which are critical before any operational setup are recognized and discussed and formed as parameters for the explanation of the elementary frame of the agreement. It is revealed that VMI agreement should be organized into segments by having generic and legal sides and official aspects included in the annexes. This will increases the flexibility of agreement As VMI relationship progresses with the time.it is proposed that this flexible structure of VMI agreement can be easily implemented by several industrial fields. Atul et al (2010) studied the difference in the practices of VMI in small and large Indian industry. Key variables were objective, drivers, obstacles and impact of VMI in large a nd small Indian industries, questionnaires were filled by 98 large companies and 63 small companies and hypothesis was tested through independent sample t-test. It was resulted that objectives, strategic drivers, obstacles and affected operational areas are considerably different for small and large enterprises while adopting VMI. It was also found that the major objectives for adopting VMI are customer service and profit improvement. For future it is recommended that the research should be perform on more variables and for other geographical (culture) areas. METHODOLOGY Aim of this paper is to find out the suppliers/manufacturer perceived objectives, drivers, obstacles, performance outcomes for implementing Vendor Managed Inventory (VMI) in FMCG sector of Pakistan. Data were collected through primary source and research approach is to be mixed of qualitative and quantitative as the aim of this paper is to explore the supplier perception and opinion about implementation of VMI in FMCG companies operating in Pakistan and this opinion is converted into quantitative terms through five point likert scales. Existing literature was used to design the structured survey questionnaire. The questionnaire was designed on a five-point interval scale.

Gender Roles And Gender Role Conflict - 1769 Words

Similar results were found by researchers using clinical style-interviews and observational measures with 85 American men (Berger, Addis, Green, Mackowiak, Goldberg, 2013). Again, those who strongly endorsed masculine norms were less likely to seek help for mental health issues and displayed more negative reactions towards a suggestion that they seek treatment. The men interviewed were especially sensitive to stigma and reported not wanting to be ‘labelled’ or medicated. This attitude was particularly salient if the men indicated high levels of self-reliance. 1.2 Gender Role Conflict As can be seen in the research, when men strongly adhere to restrictive male gender roles and expectations of behaviour, there can be a conflict between what they feel is acceptable for them to do, and what may be most helpful for them to do, for example ‘toughing it out’ versus visiting a doctor. The concept of gender role conflict was first developed by James O Neil in the early 1980’s as a part of his research into why the socialized gender roles of men caused such conflict in men’s interpersonal, career, family, and health lives (O Neil, Helms, Gable, David, Wrightsman, 1986). Dr. O’Neil operationally defined gender role conflict as having four psychological domains, three situational concepts, and three personal experiences, which will be explored in more detail. The interaction between these three components illustrates the complexity of gender role conflict and its effect on menShow MoreRelatedGender Roles And Family Conflict1024 Words   |à ‚  5 PagesGender roles vary from family to family, and for my family, they are a combination of many different types. For my childhood, I was raised nontraditional in the sense of masculinity and femininity. I had Barbies ©, Tonka Trucks ©, kitchen sets, and legos. I was never told that Barbies © were only for girls and that Tonka Truck © were only for guys. From traditional to nontraditional roles, I have been raised to be my own and unique individual. When I was younger, I was raised in a very nontraditionalRead More Society, Gender Roles and Gender-Conflict Essay example1789 Words   |  8 PagesSociety, Gender Roles and Gender-Conflict Time and time again gender-conflict is brought to the attention of the public in various forms. In our time someone who wants to make a point about gender-conflict and the inequality that is present will be more likely to use television or song to reach their audience. This however is a fairly new technology. Books or some form of writing on the other hand have been around for thousands of years. Gender-conflict is nothing new. 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Essay about Crj 100 Week 10 Assignment 3 Probation and...

CRJ 100 Week 10 Assignment 3 Probation and Punishment Click Link Below To Buy: http://hwcampus.com/shop/crj-100-week-10-assignment-3-probation-and-punishment/ Or Visit www.hwcampus.com ssignment 3: Probation and Punishment In preparation for this assignment, please complete all required readings and activities in Weeks 8 through 10 in Unit 3: Corrections.WRITE MINUMUM 4 SENTENCES FOR EACH PARAPGRAPH. PROVIDE ORGINAL WORK. WRITE THEM ON YOUR OWN WORDS. GONNA USE TURNITIN TO CHECK PLAGARISIM. TYPE EACH QUESTION BEFORE ANSWER THEM. Write 3 page paper in which you: 1. Outline the historical development of prisons in the United States. Identify each of the stages in prison development and include the various philosophies†¦show more content†¦o Introduction and Thesis Statement: Grab the attention of the audience of readers. It should define the topics of discussion and articulate the problem that will be discussed in the thesis statement. The thesis statement should be the last sentence of the introductory paragraph. The thesis statement formula is as follows: the topic + your opinions / arguments = thesis statement. The following video shows how to write an introduction and thesis statement: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-qRFhg1aj9k. ï‚ § Hint: Write the body of the paper first, an introduction next, and then a thesis statement. o Body of the Paper: Respond to the assignment criteria above. ï‚ § Hint: Create a thesis statement and headings (review the Basics of APA Style Tutorial) for each assignment question. 1. The following video will show you how to write the body of the paper: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hRH7LrgsdIk. 2. Block Quote: Forty (40) quoted words or more require a block quote (APA Rule): The following video will show you how to create an APA block quote: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TSr2budZuFk. However, students should use block quotes sparingly in a paper, and any quote or paraphrase (in-text citation) should equate to one (1) sentence that supports opinions or arguments within the paper only. CRJ 100 – Assignments and Rubrics  © 2014 Strayer University. All Rights Reserved. This

Emotional Intelligence and Leadership Style †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Emotional Intelligence and Leadership Style Management. Answer: Introduction: The case study shows that Mitchell is a responsible employee, who is liable to identify the required changes that their organization should adopt. However, the manager follows the autocratic leadership style. The general manager intends to take control over all decisions and desire to make choices based on a particular ideas and judgment. Mitchell as follower is sensible and knows which suggestion has to be considered and on which further discussion is required. Pavur Jr (2012) stated that enthusiasm is one of the most effective leadership traits of a follower. In such aspect, it can be said that Mitchell is enthusiastic and work selflessly by motivating others. Followers should also know their responsibilities and Mitchell in this case know what could enhance the performance of the organization. Lam and O'Higgins (2012) furthermore depicted that a follower should adopt the trait of personal responsibility in developing excellence in everyone. This can be witnessed from the attitude to suggest his manager regarding the importance of strategic decision making. However, it is the managers perspective that overlooks Mitchells suggestion. Bolman and Deal (2017) also highlighted that an effective follower also possesses traits of being a life-long learners and have emotional awareness. Mitchell intends to develop his competencies by learning new things that he was unable to do under George Garrow. He moreover, do not create any arguments with his wife and desire to share everything with her patiently. Furthermore, Mitchell is courageous as he speaks to the managers regarding the negative consequence of his managers decision. On the other hand, his style of approach is also good as he present ideas with proper justification, evidences and positive consequences management. It can be also said that even through the general manager always rejected the effort of other employees, Mitchell finally made an argument to the manager regarding the betterment of the organization. According to his style, Mitchell always concerned about the productivity and profitability of the organization, General Products Inc. Approaches taken if in place of Mitchell Mitchell has taken necessary step to make the manager understand what should be done for attaining maximum profitability. Mitchell along with the team of product manager also presents graphs and chart to justify why it is beneficial to reduce the price of the products for attaining more customers. However, the manager had chosen a different way to deny the idea by asking them to research on factors that is somewhat irrelevant in the concerned aspect. If I were in place of Mitchell initially, I would also follow the same step to make the manager know about the current problem and ways that can help them to overcome the adversity. I would ask for suggestions from all the subordinates and colleagues regarding their perception towards the general manager. I would research the behavioral aspects of George Garrow and ask the higher authority to look into the matter. I will follow the moral leadership traits in which I want to attain personal integrity with other subordinates. I aim to serv e my competencies for the development of the subordinates and desire to be an example in front of them. Therefore, I want to take all of their suggestions to the managerial people and ask for a remedy so that the organization does not have to suffer. In this way, I can include all my colleagues in a decision making situation so that everyone can feel the sense of equality in the workplace. Moreover, I want to discuss the problem with the manager and ask for proper reasons regarding the denial of the employees suggestions. Batool (2013) stated that communication plays a crucial role in overcoming the problem of conflicts. Thus, it can be said that proper discussion will not only clear the raised contradiction but also suggest an alternate way in which both the leaders and the subordinate can agree. Moreover, I can also present successful examples of adopting new ideas and concepts that bring prosperity to the organization. In addition to that, to prove my point I will also highlight some of the cases that lack success due to poor decision making ability to highlight the fact that the manager may have to face the same problem. Suggesting some of the remedies based on the given situation I will also make my point to the higher authority so that they can take necessary step to avoid the future adversity. I will address the issue that is occurring in the organization that i s diminishing market share, poor competitive advantage compared to other consumer product corporation. In addition to that, I will also prepare a research on effectiveness of promotional activities and improved packaging system management that can benefit the organization to the higher authority. In this way, I can share my concern and difficulty with the manager (George Garrow) in an effective way. Approaches taken if in place of Garrows boss It is evident that a person is chosen for a higher position due to their hard work, dedication and competencies that are different from others. Thus, it can be said that George Garrow was competent among other and aware of the necessary attributes that is beneficial for the organization. On the other hand, I will also consider that if some employees found other approach to be more effective and some best employee already left the organization, there must be some issue that is rising in the workplace that need to be properly addressed. If I were in the position of Garrows boss I will investigate the entire situation and desire to find out the root cause. Moreover, as a boss, I prefer to adopt Laissez-faire leadership style, where members of the group take more participative role. I will listen and address all the queries that Mitchell has. Initially, I will ask Mitchell to be patient and research about the current market needs. However, I can also relate another leadership theory that can match my nature. Muenjohn and Armstrong (2015) stated that there is no particular leadership style that one individual can follow and leaders have to manage their leadership traits according to the situation. This style is known as contingency leadership style. Yukl (2012) furthermore depicts that contingency theory allow leader to survive for a longer time and is also liable for broadened the scope of leadership understanding. I will prefer to overcome the problem of internal conflict and conduct a meeting with George Garrow and Carl Mitchell so that they can discuss the issue face to face with justification. In this way, the leadership skills in the workplace can be developed. The communication also allows both the employee to find a mutual solution. I also want to ask for proper reason why Garrow deny the proposal to reduce the products price. In addition to that, I will also suggest some of the strategies that will reduce the other business cost so that reducing the price o f the products would not harm the organizational profitability. I will also ask Garrow to be patient and follow the trait of giving proper justification while denying anyones proposal. This aspect denotes the trait of critical thinking of a leader. The prime reason for this approach is that an effective leader should value their subordinates perspective. This will help the employees to retain in the organization for longer time. Gentry and Sparks (2012) also suggests that this trait makes the employees to feel valued and they intends to work collaboratively to obtain organizational goals together. I would suggest Garrow to take initiative regarding a business approach, so that if subordinate found their leader working, they feel enthusiastic to work more for the leaders and organization. I will also suggest Garrow to enhance his approach, that is rather than asking employees to follow additional approach for performing a particular business procedure that he has done while asking others to research on weather pattern and consumer buying behavior, giving them reason for the same make them more convinced. Wong and Laschinger (2013) moreover suggested that an effective leader always provide constructive feedback to the employees. Thus, in the above mentioned situation Garrow could have been appreciated the team members for researching on different aspects that justify the price reduction of the products, development of the products and then ask them peacefully to find whether or not the weather has any impact on the consumer buying behavior. Reference List Batool, B.F., 2013. Emotional intelligence and effective leadership. Journal of Business Studies Quarterly, 4(3), p.84. Bolman, L.G. and Deal, T.E., 2017. Reframing organizations: Artistry, choice, and leadership. John Wiley Sons. Gentry, W.A. and Sparks, T.E., 2012. A convergence/divergence perspective of leadership competencies managers believe are most important for success in organizations: A cross-cultural multilevel analysis of 40 countries. Journal of Business and Psychology, 27(1), pp.15-30. Lam, C.S. and O'Higgins, E.R., 2012. Enhancing employee outcomes: The interrelated influences of managers' emotional intelligence and leadership style. Leadership and Organization Development Journal, 33(2), pp.149-174. Muenjohn, N. and Armstrong, A., 2015. Transformational leadership: The influence of culture on the leadership behaviours of expatriate managers. international Journal of Business and information, 2(2). Pavur Jr, E.J., 2012. Leadership for managers. The Psychologist-Manager Journal, 15(4), p.269. Wong, C.A. and Laschinger, H.K., 2013. Authentic leadership, performance, and job satisfaction: the mediating role of empowerment. Journal of advanced nursing, 69(4), pp.947-959. Yukl, G., 2012. Effective leadership behavior: What we know and what questions need more attention. The Academy of Management Perspectives, 26(4), pp.66-85.

Popular Music free essay sample

Popular music, or pop music, means Clumsy of the populace. The term embraces all kinds of folk music which, originally made by illiterate people, were not written down. The creation of a popular music that aims simply at entertaining large numbers of people is a product of industrialization, in which music became a commodity to be bought and sold. It Is In the rapid Industrialized nations, notably Britain and USA, that we first encounter composers who have devoted themselves to fulfilling a demand for popular, entertainment music. Foster Stephen Foster (Born Lawrenceville in 1826; died in New York in 1864)Foster was an American composer, mainly self-taught In music. He wrote over 200 songs, several of which have come to be regarded almost as American folk-songs. Though a Northerner, several of his songs capture the Southern plantation spirit in an authentic and eloquent manner. His songs are considered as Distaste, through nostalgia. All of Fosters songs yearn for the Good old days, but their yearning is not innocent, as real folk music Is. We will write a custom essay sample on Popular Music or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Souse John Philip Souse (Born in Washington DC in 1854; died in Reading, Pennsylvania in 1932) Souse was an American composer and bandmaster.As a youth he played the violin n an orchestra. He conducted the US Marine Corps band in 1880-92. He formed his own military band In 1892, which became very popular and toured Europe four times between 1900 and 1905, and toured the world In 1910-11. Unfortunately it was plectra of the 1931 Depression. Souse was best known for his superb marches, of which he composed nearly 100. His music is also considered Distaste, by means of hedonism. Catchall Louis More Catchall (Born In New Orleans In 1829; died In Brazil In 1969) Catchall was an American pianist, conductor and composer.He went to Paris to study in 1842. His pianoforte debut was in 1844 was praised by Chopin. On return to the USA he toured widely, playing and conducting his own sentimental and naive music for unsophisticated audiences who enjoyed his virtuoso panache and his arrangements of national allures. He wrote two operas, two symphonies and many Blues and Ragtime Though Jazz is a twentieth century phenomenon, mainly associated with cities, its origins were in Africa. The black mans music, transmuted into the white mans world.In his new, white American world, the black man, enslaved, inevitably used the musical techniques he had been reared on. As an outcast, he no longer sings a tribal song but calls on ancient vocal formulas of the pentatonic scale and a tumbling descent from a high note, and on traditional techniques of vocal production modified because he sings in the American, rather than in African language. Inevitably it came into contact with the musical manifestations of the New World, especially the march and hymn. The hymn followed a pattern of tonic, dominant and subdivision harmony, while the march provided a four-square beat.When the American black, responding to these types of music, took over the white mans guitar, he blues was born, and with it the heart of Jazz. Blues There was no decisive break between the folk holler and the blues. Pete Williams, a black man in the Southern prison, uses the guitar to accompany himself in what he calls Prisoners talking blues and Levee camp blues, but these are still hollers in which speed is heightened, with the guitar providing a repeated figure. The words of vocal blues often concern the agony of desertion, betrayal and unrequited love and sexual references are frequent.Blues Form, as it evolved, tends to fall into a pattern, as shown: Bars 1 23456789 10 11 12 Chords vlvl- But the form is not static. It provided a harmonic framework against which the black singer could interpret his words or the instrumentalist could improvise. Thus black melody and white harmony interact. Ragtime Ragtime is an early type of Jazz particularly for solo piano and composition rather than improvised. The famous exponent and composer of it was Scott Joplin popular from 1895-1920 when other forms of Jazz took over.Scott Joplin Scott Joplin was born in 1897 died in 1917. He was known as the king of Ragtime. He took his musical convention from white military two-step. But Joplin music, both in the Maple Leaf Rag in 1899 that made him famous and in more harmonically sophisticated pieces like Euphonium Sounds in (1909), has an improvised feel mostly because the rhythms are Dragged in being syncopated. In the music of the notable rag composers, for example James Scott and Bobbie Blake and as well as Joplin, the music has pathos but not sentimentality.Blues and Jazz meet in the evolution of piano Jazz. When blacks came across broken down pianos they treated them as mechanized guitars. Barbershops pianists came to make basic, usually very fast use of the harmonies of the 12-bars blues and to seek monastic substitutes for the guitars expressiveness by way of crunched tones, slides and displaced accents. The pianist exploited the power of a percussive keyboard, creating momentum with a pounding left hand usually in patterns of repeated tones or unequal rhythms the came to be known as boogie basses.Gradually, barbershops pianist exploited complexities of texture as well as to exploit rhythmic force. Leroy Carr, as a singer and pianist, shows how white art may lead elegance to black passion, as the reimbursements of the barbershops piano came to term with the artificialness of rag. James P. Johnson trained in both barbershops IANA and ragtime traditions and distinguished for his command of an irresistibly striding bass and for the delicate precision of the right-hand figuration.Blues Singing Fusion of blues and rag exemplified in Johnnys playing is crucial to the evolution of jazz, especially during the sass. The most revered singers were women. The earliest of the great women blues singers, Gertrude Rained nickname Ma. Her vocal timbre often had a liturgical flavor. She found no barriers between country blues gospel and minstrel show music. Bessie Smith Bessie Smith (1894-1937), the most famous blues singer of the sass was known as he Empress of Blues. Like all the finest Jazz her music sprang from tension: between country and town, black and white, art and entertainment.Like other women blues singers, Smith usually performed in dialogue with a melody instrument, which both intensified and depredations the vocal line. She gave superb versions of folk blues like Escaroles Love and Reckless Love with Louis Armstrong playing a cornet obbligato and of her own Young women blues and Poor man blues with the cornet of Joe Smith her favorite collaborator. Jazz Since women blues singers worked with Jazz players and used conventions from both jazz and minstrel show, their work had many features in common with the music of the early Jazz band.This began in New Orleans where, as we have seen, a lively black population mingled with a cosmopolitan society of white Americans, Frenchman, Spaniards, Italians and German. From these cross -fertilization the New Orleans Jazz band became established with instruments from the white military band. The cornet (later trumpet), clarinet and trombone were the main melody instruments. A tuba (later string bass) provided the bottom line, reinforced by drums and other percussion instruments. The banjo substituted for the guitar as harmonic fill-in.Later when bands no longer marched the piano became the main harmony instrument, combined with plucked strings. The music of the New Orleans band compromises tension between the trumping military beat and the symmetries of white harmony on one hand and on the other the black solo lines which, with their African flexibility of pitch and rhythm, try to override the basic form. The supreme New Orleans soloists- Louis Armstrong, cornet and trumpet, Johnny Odds, clarinet and Sidney Becket (soprano saxophone) attain a levitating ecstasy with their soaring improvised melodies.They also affirm their humanity in imbuing their instruments with the expressiveness of the voice. Louis Armstrong The voice and instrument speak, the body move: so the heart of music is in the spoken and unspoken word and in physical movement. What is remarkable about New Orleans Jazz is that this word -body relationship flourished within the context of westernizes commercial music. We can hear this in the supreme achievements of band Jazz, the recordings made by Louis Armstrong with his Hot Five and Hot Seven in 1926-8, Tight Like This.Tragedy is overt in Armstrong famous unaccompanied solo opening to West End blues. The consummation of New Orleans Chicago Jazz involves a marriage between black folk melody and the harmony of white art music is revealed in Armstrongs recording of King Olivers Weather Bird which he presents simply as a duet with Earl Hines. Armstrong and Hines have proceeded from the folk heterodyne of early Jazz to a true improvised polyphony. These tracks were recorded in 1928, Just before Armstrong left Chicago for New York, later to embark on a career as a sh ow-business entertainer as well as a Jazzmen. Jelly Roll Morton, a light-skinned New Orleans black, produced, between 1926-1930, a series of according with his Red Hot Peppers. He composed most of the numbers in the convention of the Souse march and trio and even wrote down 12-bar blues with precise indication of harmony and figuration. The music involved Jazz improvisation, though Morton, as pianist-director of his steel basically New Orleans ensemble, controlled real acerbic blues like Smokehouse Blues or in a cross between the two like The Chant, they generate passion while managing to sound blithely carefree.Their improvised composition, as distinct from Louis Armstrongs improvisation, is an irresistible affirmation of the human spirit. Duke Longtime A further refinement of Morons approach occurs in the music of Duke Longtime, born in Washing DC. Morton was the first, Longtime was the second composer in Jazz history; he remains the finest. He scored for a bigger band, using choir of saxophones blending, or playing in contras t, with brass and reeds, supported by string bass and percussion Longtime directed from or beside the keyboard. Longtime composed almost all the bands material using a 32-bar format rather more than the 12 bar blues. The artful quality of Elongations music lies first in the tunes which are memorable and recognizable his such as Black Beauty (1928) and Solitude and Mood Indigo (1930). Longtime starts from the cliches of white march and hymn, he adds chromatic richness that can plum our emotions. The music remains folk improvisation in tune with the spirit of the blues and at heart profoundly African.In a piece remains sinister because of the padding cat beat and the cross-rhythms of the guitar. One example of this ambiguity is the Black and Tan Fantasy (1927). Longtime fuses the spirit of New Orleans Jazz with the precise realization of art. Compromise teen black Jazz and white art entails the acceptance of white show business, which, in an industrial society, is arts popular manifestation. There are two complimentary strands in this process. One develops black Jazz into a mechanized powerhouse; the other combines popular conventions with the escape art of musical comedy.The two streams converge, as did blues, minstrel show and rag in the earlier generation. American Musical The Jazz musicians we have discussed have all been black, indirectly of African descent. The musicians who worked in music theatre on Broadway during the same cascades were all white, mostly of Jewish European ancestry. Musical comedy had its roots in European operetta, Viennese, French and English. One of the earliest and most talented of Broadway composers, Jerome Kern, though born in New York in 1885, studied in Europe, intending to become a classical composer.He returned the USA and to Tin Pan Alley. He produced his first show in 1912. During the next 30 years composed musicals such as Sunny (1925), Showboat (1927) and The Cat and the Fiddle (1931), which gave classic formulation to musical comedy conventions. The format of musical comedy steers it towards escapism. Broadway musical comedy emulates the operettas of such composers as the Stresses, Lear, Offenbach and Sullivan, transplanting both themes and forms in to an American environment.The themes are again either hedonistic or nostalgic. The forms follow a predictable pattern, the tunes constructed within rigidly diatonic, symmetrical eight-plus-eight- measure periods, though the harmony and modulations, especially in the middle eight, may be more adventurous than those of the old minstrel music. ; Irving Berlin Irving Berlin, born in Russia as Israel Blaine in 1888, was taken to New York as a baby. He had no musical training except what he picked up as a singing waiter.When he discovered that he had gift for writing word and tunes he was content to pick out the melody with one finger on the piano, leaving harmonistic and notation to a professional. Berlins songs have only two basic themes: an adolescent pleasure in the present moment and an equally adolescent nostalgia, sometimes tinged with self-pity. The tunes, with their narrow range and stepwise movement, more or less sing themselves. Such songs do not deny that love may hurt: they seek pleasure from the hurt itself and create and illusion that we can live on t he surface of our motions. Cole Porter Cole Porter (1891-1964). The cynical title of Porters musical Anything Goes (1934) is typical; so too is the fact that it conveys the mood of the sass with carefree is no positive element except the rudimentary boy-girl relationship, as expressed in the song All Through the Night. Its tune is merely a descending chromatic scale that, prompting dreamy modulations, induces trance, making the love seem almost too innocent to be true. Porters chromatics cast an ironic reflection on the diatonic love-songs of Berlin.The satirical elements in Porters songs are not sharp; they tend o defuse passion and violence, and become part of the American Dream. Yet his irony sometimes carries an uneasy honesty that we do not find in later musicals such as Richard Rodgers Oklahoma (1943). Occasionally, for instance in Night and Day, Porter allowed wit to be disturbed not only by passion but also by something not far from fright. George Gershwin Only one composer of Broadway and Tin Pan Ally overrode the illusory nature of the conventions to produce works of genius; George Gershwin. Many songs he contributed to ephemeral musicals have survived in their own right.Evidence of Gershwins percipience lies in his discovery of his essential theme in a novel by Dubos Hayward dealing with life among the blacks in New Orleans. From it was made a libretto for Porgy and Bess which, starting out as an ambitious musical, ended up as a fully-fledged opera exploiting an interplay of speech, recitative, arioso and pop aria and exhibiting a musical-theatrical craft to rival Puccini, if not Verdi. Swing era Gershwins understanding of the black blues, though intuitive, was profound is indicated by the fact that his tunes have always been favored material for Jazz improvisation.Porgy and Bess itself have been given superb Jazz treatments by such distinguished musicians as Louis Armstrong and Ella Fitzgerald, Miles Davis and Gill Evens, Ray Charles and Cleo Elaine. This provides a link to the evolution of Jazz, now both black and white, in the sasss and asss; the era of swing, during which the relationship of band to soloists changed. Even Elongations band grew to considerable dimensions and has affiliations with the big white bands that were more a part of show business than of Jazz.The earliest was the concert band of Paul Whitman, for which Gershwin composed Rhapsody in Blue, and to which some of the most talented of white Jazz wind players contributed. Dominating the era of world war II was the big band of Glenn Miller. More interesting both musically and sociologically is Benny Goodman, a white clarinetist who directed big and small bands and who looked, from the world of commerce, towards both Jazz and art. It is significant that Goodman, himself a fine musician, was the first white impresario to promote black Jazzmen on equal terms.Count Basis The supreme achievements of Jazz during the swing era remain black, notably the Kansas City bands of Count Basis. The Basis band is an authentic successor to the boreholes music of shanty-town piano thumper. The machine- made energy of the massed brass is now set against the wiry agility of Basiss piano playing. Basiss which is more blues-influenced than Elongations, rhythmic momentum liberates the soloist but at the same time threatens his individuality. Cabaret singers The big band era was also the age of the great Jazz cabaret singers.Basis worked with male blues shouters such as great Jimmy Rushing. He also worked with Billie Holiday, the finest female Jazz singer since Bessie Smith, who restricted herself costly to pop standards. Holiday died young, of heroin, but other great cabaret singers of the sasss and asss, notably Ella Fitzgerald, Sarah Vaughan and Betty Carter, have carried on performing into the sasss. The individual voice and spoken or sung word may still triumph. Instrumentalists During the sasss and ass what came to be called Modern Jazz reverted to private values.A pianist-composer like Theologies Monk had some of the attributes of a high priest, literally turning his back on his audience as he created a nervously tight, harmonically and tonally contorted revamping of old boreholes styles. Miles Davis, in his Cool Jazz of the sass, tempered Jazz heat with the muted sonority of his trumpet. Often he was abetted by the swinging lilt of Bill Vanss piano-playing. Evans was a white man. So is the composer-arranger Gill Evans, with whom Davis collaborated in some of the most beautiful Jazz Tone poems since Longtime, notably the suite derived from Porgy and Bess (1958).Among the saxophonists of modern Jazz Charlie Parker stands supreme, the most inventive and influential Jazz soloist since Armstrong. Although he used blues and pop conventions, his rapid chord changes and flexible meter steered Jazz improvisation once more towards a linear approach. This is evident too in the playing of Stan Get and in that of John Coloration and Ornate Coleman. We can also hear the influence of Parker in the Jittery linearity of the playing of Bud Powell who, like Parker, was a drug-infected victim of Jazz neurosis.McCoy Tuner starting in the sass in duo with Coloration as a brilliant exponent of blues and standard forms. White Country Music In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries the original white settlers on the American continent brought their folk music with them, and it too has been ransomed into an industry: the pop music known as country and western. The music originated, however in the Eastern States, where emigrants from Britain had sung their old songs, rendered scrawnier and more rasping by the tough conditions of pioneer life.Even in the mid-twentieth century this is still eviden t in the singing of men and women living in remote areas of the Carolinas, Kentucky and Virginia. The instrumentalists, however, who made music not so much to alleviate loneliness as to stimulate communal activity, transformed their old-world models more radically. Georgian, Arkansas and Virginian fiddlers such as Fiddling John Carson played the old Scots and Irish reels with wild abandon, making music of almost manic cheerfulness. Provided a recipe for pop or entertainment, as distinct from folk, music. The fiddling of the string bands of the sass abandons everything to hedonism.This euphoria is no less evident in the banjo and guitar pickers who often support the fiddlers themselves play European-based dance music, or accompaniments to songs, some derived from British sources, others newly invented. Both fiddle music and plucked tiring music tends to be fast, regular in meter and diatonic. Bluegrass Some fiddlers and string players formed string bands such as the Skillet Licker, the Gully Jumpers or the North Carolina Ramblers. The music they made in the sass and ass was still a melody of old British songs and dances drained of hurtful elements and seasoned with bits of American hymned, march and ballad.At first this concerted music was still folk music. It served the needs of the community. During the sass it became more streamlined, exploitable on radio and recording. It was named bluegrass in homage to its Eastern mountain origins. Bluegrass music was performed by a lead singer who also played the guitar, banjo or mandolin, vigorously supported by other players of guitar, banjo and harp, with an interlacing of fiddlers. Tunes were fast and plainly diatonic. There may be a hint of desperation in the way in which the most melancholy local events railway accidents, hanging etc- are recounted with headily impervious glee.One finds something similar in the more Jazz-influenced string bands that, in the sass, came to be known as Western swing. Carter Family The Carter family, a Virginian mountain family who collected and arranged old-time hymns and ballads, sang quavers bass in the vocal trio. All the Carters songs, whatever their origin or theme, come out at moderate-to-fast tempo, regular in meter and in unsullied diatonic. The Carters importance is attributable not to exceptional talents but to their incorruptible integrity. Through popularized, even commercialese, they were little changed between the sass and the sass.With the Carters and the frail, clown like figure of Jimmy Rodgers the Lonesome Cowboy, country music became an industry in which the opposite poles of pop music, hedonism and nostalgia, were identified. Country singers like Dolly Barton and Lacy J Dalton have entered big business in becoming pop stars, without destroying the folk- like creativity they started from. Rock The rock explosion that occurred in the wake of World War II and came to fruition in the sass was an attempt to re-create music, having become an industry, tried to absorb the life-giving primitivism of black Jazz.Black-white integration worked both ways. If white culture engulfed black, black culture was now eager to take advantage of white technology to boost its growing self-confidence. From this process emerged hat came, appropriately, to be called soul music: the traditional passion and pain of black gospel music and of the blues are given greater punch by electric rather than male and female soul singers- Otis Redding and James Brown, Nina Simons and Earth Franklin. Also, in the sass blacks established their own record-producing industry, based in Detroit, manufacturing their own black style, called Midtown.Th is fast, regular-metered, cheerily diatonic music, reflecting the blacks self- assurances, is best represented by Diana Ross and her Supremes. The sound of Midtown has en wildly imitated by pop groups on both sides of the Atlantic from the late sass. But the emergence of rock and roll in the mid-twentieth century was a white phenomenon, in that young whites listened to black rhythm and blues out of frustration with their own society. It is possible to see Elvis Presley as a successor to the country singer Hank Williams. Both were Southern white boys with an evangelical background.Hank William Williams composed most of his own material in an idiom related to that of the Carter family, though with a touch of the black blues that gave a darker shade to the hymn- eke and ballad style. Elvis Presley Occasionally the black elements in Williwaws songs reinforced by the electric beat, guide him towards early Presley- style rock and roll. Elvis Presley responded to a non- conformist small-town background far more rebelliously. Whereas Williams created his own songs, mostly about broken loves, Presley used other peoples modes and manners to evoke an image of narcissistic self-esteem.Dressed extravagantly he brought it off because he had abilities to bolster charisma. Parsleys confidence in his voice projected his image, Heartbreak Hotel, the number that bought him instant name in 1956, was in origin a Southern country song. Presley uses both black barbershops and white Pentecostal styles as part of his performing expertise. Strait romantic lyricism is held in tension. The performance stimulates because it is precarious. He was always a performer and never a composer. The two poles of his nature- white dream-maker and black rebel- were both attempted escapes from routine.Presley was a solo performer: he could brook no competition. But as rock music developed it increasingly took over from gospel music the concept of the group. The rock group reached its climax not in the USA but in traditionally noncreative Britain. Rolling Stones The Rolling Stones, whose heyday was in the sasss, represents the closest approach pop ha made to an orgiastic music comparable with that created in African societies. This is seen in the groups singer Nick Eagers Africanized yelling and bodily gyrations, as well as in the fact that he adopted much of his material from black blueness like Muddy Waters.The Rolling Stones instrumental resources also have rudimentary origins, electric guitars and keyboards being vastly amplified versions of blues guitar, country harmonica, bagpipes and author. Amplification intensifies primitivism, since electronics may create a nightmarish inflation of the pitch both because it is metrically cruder and because, in amplification it is so loud, passing the threshold of tolerance. Breaking the sound barrier may become not a permissive euphoria but a destructive force relatable to voodoo.In 1970 Eagers rendering of Under my thumb triggered a Hells Angels ritual murder at the site of the performance. Primitive pentatonic melody here relies mainly on the driving beat for its momentum; harmony, as in real tribal music, is minimal or non-existent. This may be observed too in Award American rock groups such as the Doors, the Grateful Dead and the drug-orientated Velvet Underground. Music-Theatre, rock musicals Just as the energy of the Rolling Stones seemed to have weathered the years, so something has survived from the happier and happier cults of the sass.There is a direct return, if in simple form, to the Greek concept of music-theatre ritual. This is also demonstrated in the Tribal musicals of which Gal. McDermott Hair (1969) was the first to achieve artistic and material success. Similar themes and structure appear in The Whos Tommy and in Andrew Lloyd Weepers Jesus Christ Superstar. The use of multiple media 0 word, sound, movement, lighting 0 and of improvisation and audience participation means involvement rather than passive reception. Most pop concerts have become theatre ritual in this sense.Audiences will no longer tolerate a pop concert without visual as well as audible appeal. The Yess performance of their Tales from Topographic Oceans (1973) has something in common with the later music rituals of Steakhouses, in intention as well as in technique and technology. Pop is ritual in an emergent stage, and its ambiguity may e a strength. The long-playing record, tape and audio-visual are more radical innovations than we once realized. They transplant ritual from temple or theatre to any place.Individuals may create one, as do The Who in Quadraphonic (1965) or Pink Floyd in Atom Heart Mother (1968) and The Wall (1979). Intellect and technology are combined with feeling and instinct. The Battles The most successful group in pop history, the Battles, was the best. Their quality depended on the fact that they made songs of pronounced individuality. The return to origins in the basic beat, the often modal tunes, the side-stepping harmonies, were even a location and a name. American blues and country music interlaced with British hymn and music hall in the memorable melodies. Popular music free essay sample Focusing on a music based scene, movement or Artist of your own choosing from the period 1955 to 2000. You will detail, explain and analyses the roots, character and legacy of your chosen subject and consider what impact, if any, your subject has had upon popular music culture and the contemporary music business. Your choice may be a genre based scene such as the development of House Music in the UK through the asses and ass, or a geographically connected movement such as the Singer- Songwriter movement in Los Angles during the early asses, or a significantly influential and important Artist such as David Bowie or Madonna.You will need to have your choice of subject approved by your Module Leader, so do not begin researching or writing your assignment before you have discussed your theme with them. In this essay I will attempt to focus on a specific music scene as well as a movement being my choice of the East Coast Hip-Hop scene and the culture it carries. We will write a custom essay sample on Popular music or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Aiming to focus on the time period of 1980-2000, where let felt It had Its biggest and most controversial moments. Digging into its roots and some of its legacy and the people thin the society that helped cause some drastic changes that occurred and still go on at present spiraling In todays society causing effects on the popular music culture and music Industry. Rap Is a gimmick, but Im for the hip-hop, the culture. - Method Man East Coast Hip-Hop was birthed from the genre Hip-Hop when it had its most peak moments In the years of the sasss going Into the premature years of the 1 asss. Marred to the Orlando form of Hip-Hop It became well known and recognized for the positive some-times being afro centric and realistic lyrics that often had some epithet of meaning into what was currently going on in the peoples lives. East Coast Hip-Hop combined various genres of music and sounds one of the largest examples being Jamaican danceable toasting where Dos played the rhythm and artist such as Sister Nancy, Yellow Man and Dennis Allocate blessed the music with their voice making unusual sounds by their mouth or slightly mining over the beat making the crowd feel welcomed and at one with the artist.The passion of using words to express feelings and thoughts similar to Soul music which was also popular at this time. With all of these factors East Coast Hip-Hop began to see the rise of a new community and culture allowing us to sit back and witness the growth and beginning 1 OFF DIM, Notorious Big, Jay Z and Nas who would all go on to cause their own footstep on the future and all the great things it bought then, and still today in culture and the music industry. Originating from the East Coast of America, being more specific in the South Bronx of New York Hip-Hop came alive and began to stomp down so many barriers. In the beginning Hip-Hop contained no toasting, rapping nor talking but talented Dos that created unfamiliar sound. However this would go on to change as people such as Gill Scott-Heron began to perform words of blissful spoken poetry. During the years of the sasss block parties were a main source of time killing, entertainment and gathering for the African American community and in some cases the youth of Ladinos.Dos such as DC Cool Here would arrive to individuals house bringing the party and crowd with them to play music that would satisfy at the time most popular being soul/Ran. They soon found a new trend that would go on to make history using Jamaican Dub where percussion was used to cause isolation thin the breaks of songs allowing B-Boys and Busgirls to breakneck to the funky and new vibrant sound. They went on experiencin g with techniques and ideas such as scratching and beat mixing were Macs such as Roseanne Shanty began to spit over. In the year of 1975 things slightly began to change in regards to the street life known gangs of New York began to bring the animosity into another forming a-boy and B-girl groups who began to dance to the break of Hip-Hop, which went on to create a new trend of break dancing. This became to play and contribute a huge mount to Hip-Hop along with other components Mining, graffiti and Digging. Together these elements would be the first building posts for East Coast Hip-Hop. You see in the beginning the basic thought of Hip-Hop was the music the Dos created along with the lyrics the Macs put on top of them.However with the new trends of breakfasting and spray painting people were almost forced to take notice that this wasnt Just a phase the people were going through but now a lifestyle choice and belief for the South side of the Bronx New York. In 1974 Sylvia Robinson and Joe Robinson founded Sugar Hill Records which before its time was never done and became the first major Hip-Hop reco rding company which then gave East Coast Hip-Hop the power to expand and see growth. Their first major success in 1979 when Rappers Delight produced and created by Sugar Hill gang having a score of 3 on UK charts and thirty six in the US. This song gave East Coast Hip-Hop the platform it needed to gain recognition from the world. This gave East Coast Hip-Hop the seed it needed to grow. In 1981 Tommy Boy Records/ Entertainment the independent label was created and merchandised by Tom Silverman and also sent a shock wave through the music scene with albums such as Naughty by Nature a group entitled album. Naughty by Nature was released in 1991 and was hailed to be one of the best 100 rap albums by One of the greatest albums ever made (NAME 2010).This displayed how critical it was to have record labels like these around and supporting the scene as it gave the artists and creators the chance to show some-thing they both loved and had a sincere passion for. In the year of 1983 the world was struck by the DNA of rap music (Run DIM), making a bang on the East Coast scene the world watched as Jason Micelle Cam-Master Jay), Darryl McDaniel (D. M. C) and Joseph Simmons (Run) originating, Queens New York bought out their first single Its like that. The single was aided with Sucker M. Cos reaching number 15 on the US R charts.With Run Dams hard-hitting beats, aggressive rhymes, fashion style and first solid four albums Run-D. M. C in 1984, King of Rock in 1985, Raising Hell in 1986 and Tougher Than Leather in 1988, they had now found the new ability to bring awareness to the what was thought of the underground music scene. As well as bringing new heights to East Coast Hip-Hop we saw them change Hip-Hop from being Just a musical front too LOL to care about appearance and presentation with its rough edges into a fashion statement being strategically clever about all of the fashion choices they made. Run DIM was more than determined on pushing and creating their own style. They simply dressed on stage as they would on the corner of their streets in Queens, by doing this kids and fans were able to identify. Their stick-up kid look was now shadowing the thoughts and motives of the streets. Dressed in hardcore leather jackets, Godfather hats, exaggerated Jewelry, dark colored Jeans and of course their infamous Aids sneakers. It first began when people start recognizing Run DIM wearing their trainers with no laces, a style deriving from Jail where officers removed the laces to prevent inmates from committing suicide.However all of these positive aspects didnt come without backlash . With the older generation seeing the effect Run DIM were having on the youth they began getting annoyed at them for using such stereotypical references and links. Run DIM soon received a back lash from musician and poet Dry. Gerald Ideas when he released Felon Sneakers a song which he used to beat them down about connecting such things of inmates to the youths as bad influence.This didnt stop Run DIM in their tracks however as they came back with the song My Aids which also became one of their hits, turning the meaning around and deceiving its stereotype to be a positive movement and contradiction to what the system wanted Me and my Aids do the lilies things, We like to stomp out pimps with diamond rings, We slay all suckers who perpetrate, and lay down law from state to state In affect this caused the sale of Aids sneakers to raise in the asss eventually allowing Run DIM to do some-thing that hadnt been done before, hey were signed by Aids to produce their own clothing line and sneakers with a ultimate bonus of 1 million dollars. This would start a trend with Hip-Hop as it carries on to happen now with artist such as accent being sign to cre ate sneakers and clothing for Rebook, and female rap artist such as Tenant Taylor and Missy Elliot to create their own styles for Aids. My Aids was the confirmation needed that East Coast Hip-Hop was now more than a simple form of music but a lifestyle eventually launching street wear to the place it is today. After all this positivist the darkness and underground grunge began to come out of the East Coasts draining systems.A new culture was growing influencing more of the East Coasts talented artists that were Grandmaster Flash released the song white lines telling the hidden story of the New York Streets using lyrics such as Ticket to ride white line highway, tell all your friends, they can go my way, pay your toll, sell your soul, pound for pound costs more than gold. The lyrics demonstrated a warning about the effects of using cocaine. With the obvious use of cocaine taking place it was only right the story of the dealers e exposed, this is when the perfect timing for the hustler to come up and tell his story of being apart of the East Coast scene. For the majority of underground rappers money making was at times A issue so they used the option of hustling alongside rapping and for a time thought to have gone hand in hand working together Just like beats and flows (Carter, S. 2010).In 1986 Beastie Boys created their most successful album entitled licensed to Ill which featured arguably their biggest hit fight for your right making history as the first ever Hip-Hop album to reach the target of being umber one in the US billboards charts. This was a controversial factor and cause some animosity and annoyance amongst the black community as they believed a right had been taken away from them. The Beastie Boys came from a middle/upper class backgroun d and had no relevance or experiences with the hustling scene and the music that it was producing. 1987 was A year for big things giving the most successful rappers a steady platform to show what they had been working for.With their political lyrics and statements Public Enemy became one of the most influential rap groups. Although their first album M)! Bum Rush the show wasnt a hit, their second album It Takes a Nation of Millions to Hold Us Back released in 1988 would go on to prove critics wrong selling over a million copies including songs with empowering political speeches made by Malcolm X. With Flag Flag wearing his giant clock chains and the name of the group it was easy to draw the conclusion that they had come revert the idea of them being damaging to every-day people and society to become known for being powerful and influencing. However one of the most important and historic stamps were still left to come to put its mark on East Coast Hip-Hop.Jay Z made and entrance on to the scene in the unforgettable year of 1989 and would soon go on to be referred to as the best r apper in the world. Jay Z being friends with Jazz was able to gain contact with Brooklyn DC Fresh Gordon who abele him to a verse on a track with Big Daddy Kane on a mix-tape which began to circulate. Even with all this new unique talent Jay Z had he still fell into the rap what most other young black males were falling into hustling. However if it wasnt for this lifestyle Jay Z wouldnt of been inspired to write and deliver the lyrics he did empower him to share his experiences of life, his laity had a story to tell (Carter, S. 2010).He himself made sure that his songs were as truthful as they could be not Just glorifying the street life that was being lived but often trying to depict and explain how the once city paved with gold had turned into the streets that homed criminals, prostitutes, drug abusers but most important legends in the making. This is why the hustlers story through hip hop has connected with a global audience. The deeper we got into those sidewalk cracks and into the mid of the young hustler trying to find his fortune there, the closer we et to the ultimate human story, the story of struggle, which is what defines us many others like him life story unravel, i nforming us of the streets he met and they changes him and also the people around him. Music was not Jay Gs only talent Just like his peers such as Russell Simmons, Puff Daddy and Dry Deer we saw Jay Z bring his entrepreneur skills from the streets to his own office. Owning brands and businesses such as Orca-Wear , clubs 40/40 which are located in over 4 different states, Carols Daughter a brand of beauty products, sports club bar 40/40 in over 20 airports, he also bought a share of the Brooklyn Nets basketball team and closest to home in 2005 Jay Z bought a stake in the England football team Arsenal. With the rise of Jay Z still escalating we saw rappers with similar dialect and begin to come through the East Coast Hip-Hop scene. Artist such as Nas, Www-Tang Clan and one of my own personal favorites The Notorious B. I. G. In 1994 spectators were blown away with B. L. Gs easy flow accompanied by his slight lisp, with the album Ready To Die which hit the billboards at number 3. Once again we saw a rapper tell the public his life story allowing his peers to understand change and what can happen with a hard grind.In his famous song sky is he limit you hear him say A Niger never been as broke as me, I like that, demonstrating that there is some form of light at the end of the tunnel. With being on the rise and so much other success B. I. G still had other projects going on the most recognizable being Junior M. A. F. I. A which included some of his friends he grew up with in the streets such as Ill Cease, Chic Del Vice, M. C Slept and Ill Kim a female rapper artist he found on the street and helped to mould long with Puff Daddy. You see even with the world on his door step he refused to forget his promises to the streets and remain humble bringing his old crew into his new life and new found success. Nas was was greatly inspired by the late B. I. G and released his first album Lunatic in 1994 produced with East Coast producer Pete Rock and Large Professor. On this album Nas shared his child hood and not so long ago life experiences living in the inner city of New York. With his style of multi syllable rhyming the album was able to reach number 2 on the US charts. With the East Coast producing consistent and well produced acts the East Coast could not be ignored which also would bring rivals as mentioned before the East Coast and West Coast rappers soon began beef and go back and forth almost take it back to the streets. One of the most worldly known rhymes created by Tuba in Hit Me Up where he spoke about B. I.G and his then current wife and also fellow label soul artist Faith Evans l let these Niger know its on for life dont let the West side ride tonight This would be a groundbreaking moment not only for the East and West Coast, but or Hip-Hop on a whole. With B. I. G being killed in 1997 12 months after rival Tuba was murdered, there was almost a pause on the scene not producing any new artist that would create new moments such as Jay Z, Nas or Public Enemy already had. Regarding the culture and music industry of today, East Coast Hip-Hop still plays a large part. Since the year of 2009 there has been a decrease of rap sales, however we can still see how artists today are still inspired today with artist such as ASAP Rocky, who used the old school beats and gold fashion or Azalea Banks adding the sound of pop but being provocative with her lyrics as Ill Kim would often do.The crack epidemic still carries on today and it is arguable that it may have got worse but with it being so world wide it is more controlled. We still hear artist rapping about their describing the past that haunts him Vive been living this daily with no peace, no daydreams to save me, get high cause I want to survive, wish I could turn back the hands of time. As the artist today would of been at and impressionable age most likely their teens, an impressionable age they would of been inspired by artists such s Jay Z and Biggie Smalls inspiring them to use their life to express their feelings. However their are some differences mainly being fashion. Now rappers are more fearless with what they wear and how they wear it, however they still rock the gold jewelry.