Definition and Examples of Conceptual Blending

Conceptual blending refers to a set of cognitive operations for combining (or blending) words, images, and ideas in a network of mental spaces to create meaning. The theory of conceptual blending was brought to prominence by Gilles Fauconnier and Mark Turner in The Way We Think: Conceptual Blending and the Minds Hidden Complexities (Basic Books, 2002). Fauconnier and Turner define conceptual blending as a deep cognitive activity that makes new meanings out of old. Examples and Observations Conceptual Blending Theory assumes that meaning construction involves the selective integration or blending of conceptual elements and employs the theoretical construct of conceptual integration networks to account for this process. For example, the process of understanding the sentence In the end, VHS delivered a knock-out punch to Betamax would involve a basic network consisting of four mental spaces . . .. This includes two input spaces (one relating to boxing and another to the competition between rival video formats in the 1970s and 1980s). A generic space represents what is common to the two input spaces. Elements from the input spaces are mapped to each other and projected selectively into the blended space, to derive an integrated conceptualization where the video formats are seen as being engaged in a boxing match, which VHS eventually wins.Blending Theory can be seen as a development of Mental Space Theory, and it is also influenced by Conceptual Metaphor Theory. However, u nlike the latter, Blending Theory focuses specifically on the dynamic construction of meaning.(M. Lynne Murphy and Anu Koskela, Key Terms in Semantics. Continuum, 2010)To monitor public opinion, and to sway it, Time Warner had, in November, launched a campaign called Roll Over or Get Tough, which asked customers to visit a Web site of the same name and vote on whether Time Warner should give in to their demand for massive price increases or keep holding the line. Eight hundred thousand people had done so. (Ninety-five percent of them thought that Time Warner should Get Tough.)Mark Turner, a professor of cognitive science at Case Western Reserve, explained that Time Warner’s use of the forced-choice device was wise from the standpoint of behavioral economics. In order to make choices, people need their options narrowed in advance.Turner saw other cognitive precepts at work in the Roll Over campaign. He explained, The purpose of the ad is to try to get you off your duff and rea lize, Hey, the situation around me is changing, and I better take action. And the campaign’s militaristic echoes, You’re either with us or against us, incorporated, Turner said, a technique called blending, in which a rhetorician exploits what is already in people’s minds. Everybody’s got terrorism on the brain, so if you can have a little hint of that issue in your advertising about cable service: great!, he said.(Lauren Collins, King Kong vs. Godzilla. The New Yorker, January 11, 2010)[B]lending theory can address the meaning of construction in metaphorical expressions that do not employ conventionalized mapping schemes. For example, the italicized portion of this excerpt from an interview with philosopher Daniel Dennet involves a metaphorical blend, Theres not a thing thats magical about the computer. One of the most brilliant things about a computer is that theres nothing up its sleeve, (Edge 94, November 19, 2001). The input domains here are Computer s and Magicians, and the blend involves a hybrid model in which the computer is a magician. However, the connection between these two domains arises purely from the context of this example, as there is no conventional COMPUTERS ARE MAGICIANS mapping in English.(Seana Coulson, Conceptual Blending in Thought, Rhetoric, and Ideology. Cognitive Linguistics: Current Applications And Future Perspectives, ed. by Gitte Kristiansen, Michel Achard, Renà © Dirven, and Francisco J. Ruiz de Mendoza Ibà ¡Ãƒ ±ez. Mouton de Gruyter, 2006) Blending Theory and Conceptual Metaphor Theory Similarly to conceptual metaphor theory, blending theory elucidates structural and regular principles of human cognition as well as pragmatic phenomena. However, there are also some noteworthy differences between the two theories. While blending theory has always been more oriented toward real-life examples, conceptual metaphor theory had to come of age before it was put to the test with data-driven approaches. A further difference between the two theories is that blending theory focuses more on the decoding of creative examples, whereas conceptual metaphor theory is well known for its interest in conventional examples and mappings, i.e. in what is stored in peoples minds. But again, the difference is one of degree and not an absolute one. Blending processes can be routinized and stored if their outcome proves to be useful on more than one occasion. And conceptual metaphor theory is able to explain and accommodate novel figurative linguistic expressions as long as they are compatible with the more general metaphorical makeup of the human mind. Another, perhaps somewhat less important difference lies in the fact that while from the start conceptual blending has pointed to the importance of metonymic construals and thinking for cognitive processes, the conceptual metaphor paradigm has long underestimated the role of metonymy.(Sandra Handl and Hans-Jà ¶rg Schmid, Introduction. Windows to the Mind: Metaphor, Metonymy, and Conceptual Blending. Mouton de Gruyter, 2011)

The Use of the Supernatural in Macbeth by William Shakespeare

The Use of the Supernatural in Macbeth by William Shakespeare In this essay I am going to explore the use of the supernatural in the play Macbeth, written by William Shakespeare. This is going to be done by showing how much power the supernatural elements had and how it influenced peoples mind. The supernatural elements are the use of the witches, the dagger, Banquos ghost and the apparitions in the play. Firstly, the use of the witches in the play is a key element in the supernatural. When the play was written in 1600, people in those days believed in things like the witches and they also believed thought that the power and knowledge of the future came from the devil. All this shows why†¦show more content†¦Come, you spirits that tend on mortal thoughts, unsex me here. Come to my womans breasts for gall (Act 1 Scene 5), her soliloquy shows that she relied on the supernatural by asking for the spirit to get rid of her natural feelings of concern by making her cruel. The interference with the supernatural might cause her to be possessed by ghost when she goes mad and sees blood on her hands. As Macbeth awaits for the signal to make his way up to the stairs, he sees floating dagger and said Thou marshalst me the way that I was going; and such an instrument I was to use. Theres no such thing. It is the bloody business which informs (Act 2 Scene 1). Here Macbeth begins to question whether his mind playing tricks on him or there is presence of evil that put the dagger which being covered with blood. This shows that there is interference of supernatural that leads Macbeth towards the Duncans chamber to do the murder. The dagger symbolizes the point of no return for Macbeth. If he chooses the path in which the dagger leads, there will be no turning back. After Macbeth did the murder, he becomes a king. Although he has already achieve his goal to be a king, he begins to be greedier to not let the Banquos prophecy of being father of kings come true because he thinks he has put a great effort to reach theShow MoreRelatedThe Ultimate Downfall of Macbeth Due to Guilt 842 Words   |  3 PagesIn the play Macbeth by William Shakespeare, Macbeth’s ultimate downfall is due to the guilt he feels over everything he has done. The motif of supernatural forces, specifically the hallucinations and lack of sleep that Macbeth experiences, project the force of the guilt that eventually causes Macbeth’s destruction. Shakespeare uses the motif of supernatural forces to express how the force of the guilt Macbeth feels eventually leads to his final demolition in the play Macbeth. The recurring supernaturalRead MoreMacbeth Themes899 Words   |  4 Pages â€Å"What are the major themes in Macbeth† By Connor Maguire William Shakespeare’s Macbeth a play complete with many themes and viewpoints. 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The supernatural that lingers over Macbeth has a vitalRead MoreSupernatural Soliciting Within Shakespeare s Macbeth1728 Words   |  7 PagesNovember 6th, 2017 Supernatural Soliciting within Shakespeare s Macbeth Shakespeare’s Macbeth is broadly known as a cursed play by a myriad of individuals globally. Given its appalling history of death and disorder, as well as the supernatural elements present within the play, many have come to the latter conclusion. To add, Macbeth is also a tragedy, adding more malediction to the already allegedly accursed play. To create such a tragic, ill-fated play, Shakespeare uses a vast variety ofRead MoreMacbeth - Supernatural Theme809 Words   |  4 PagesThe presence of supernatural forces in William Shakespeare s, Macbeth, provides for much of the play s dramatic tension and the mounting suspense. Several supernatural apparitions throughout the play profoundly affect Macbeth and the evil forces eventually claim Macbeth and destroy his morals. Macbeth s ambition was driven by the prophecies of the three witches and unlike Banquo, he was willing to do anything to assure that they actually transpire. Macbeth is horrified at the notion of killi ngRead MoreAnalysis Of The Tragedy Of Macbeth1207 Words   |  5 Pages The ‘Tragedy of Macbeth’ (also known as ‘Macbeth’) is a play written by William Shakespeare and it was first performed in 1606. This play presents plenty of themes through the action and dialogue throughout the play. Although the play is universally and most commonly referred to as the dark tragedy presented by Shakespeare. The most common themes that were introduced to the audience tend to be femininity versus masculinity, pride and honor, the role of supernatural, temptation and evil and a lotRead MoreMacbeth Literary Essay : Fair Is Foul And Foul Is Fair1297 Words   |  6 PagesMacbeth Literary Essay: â€Å"Fair is foul and foul is fair† In the play Macbeth by William Shakespeare, the characters are often mislead by the impression of reality. The quote â€Å"fair is foul and foul is fair† (Shakespeare 1.1.12), is said by the three witches. This quote is very significant, as it is an elaborate theme throughout the play. Also, the word fair means good, and foul means evil. Fair is foul and foul is fair is a theme that demonstrates how appearances often differs from reality. This

Introduction to Statistics Free Essays

Random Sample: each member of the population has the same chance of being selected Representative Sample: characteristics should represent those of the target population without bias Observational Study: no intervention by the investigator, no treatment imposed Experimental Study: Investigator has some control over the determinant Variables: Categorical – each observation falls into a feline number of groups Nominal: named variables with no implied order e. G. Personality type Ordinal: grouped variables with implied order e. We will write a custom essay sample on Introduction to Statistics or any similar topic only for you Order Now G. Veil of education Continuous – measured variables Discrete: take discrete values e. G. Number of children Numerical: can assume any value within a certain range/elemental e. G. Height Types of Designs: True experiment: researcher has potential to randomly allocate observations to conditions Quasi-experiment: demonstrate a relationship between an IV/DVD researcher makes use of naturally occurring groups, can’t make cause and effect statements Non-experiments (correlation design): question If there Is a relationship between variables, can’t make cause effect statements Between groups: two groups being compared on some outcome measure Within-subjects: participants experience each condition of an IV, with measurements of some outcome taken on each occasion Extraneous variables: variable present In an experiment, which might Interfere with the relationship between IV DVD Confounding variables: mediating variable that can adversely affect the relation between IV/DVD Internal validity: extent to which a casual relationship can be assumed between IV DVD. External validity: degree to which you can generalize the results of your study to mom underlying population T-test One sample t-test – A: data should arise from a normal population Paired t-test -A: must be independent, arise from a normal distribution populations of same spreads Independent sample – A: normally distributed, homogeneity of variances, independence of the observations Correlation/Regression – A: the relation in the population is linear, the residuals in y have a constant standard deviation and the residuals arise from a normal distribution detests of good fit and test of independence – A: expected count has to be larger than five How to cite Introduction to Statistics, Papers

Performance Driven Marketing-Free-Samples for Students-Myassignment

Question: Critically evaluate the proposition that Digital Marketing has replaced traditional Marketing in Strategy Management. Answer: Introduction With the advancement of technology, contemporary business organizations are more inclined towards adopting digital marketing tools towards promoting their products and services. Traditional marketing tools are mostly related to make customers aware regarding the products and service (Tiago and Verssimo 2014). Digital marketing tools have gone far beyond just customer awareness and focus more on customer interaction for gaining increasing customer insights (Lamberton and Stephen 2016). Therefore, digital marketing tools are more effective in providing customized value to the customers than those of traditional marketing tools. This study will critically evaluate the proposition that digital marketing has replaced traditional marketing in strategy management. The study will evaluate this proposition from various aspects of strategy development in organizations. Moreover, the study will also provide some examples for demonstrating the effectiveness of digital marketing tools over the tr aditional marketing tools. Discussion With the advancement in the technology, digital marketing and social media have significant influence on the life of people. Digitalization and social media are at every sphere of peoples life. With the popularity of digitalization, digital marketing has gradually replaced traditional marketing in terms of strategy development in an organization (Taiminen and Karjaluoto 2015). Marketing and strategy development in todays contemporary organizations are not easy job. It needs huge market research, information about changing customer needs, promotion of products and services with shortest period, fostering unique product information through unique channels and lots more. Any strategy formulation needs enough interaction with the customers for identifying their core needs. According to Stone and Woodcock (2014), in traditional marketing, there was very little interaction between the medium used and the customers. Moreover, the intension of traditional marketing was just to provide information to the customers regarding the existence of the brand. However, it was quite difficult for the organization towards understanding the perspectives of the customers regarding the brands. On the other hand, Karjaluoto, Mustonen and Ulkuniemi (2015) digital marketing is extremely beneficial for increased interaction with the customers and understanding the insights of the customers. Apart from just making the customers aware about the products and service, digital marketing can also help the organization towards getting the feedback of the customers regarding the product experience. In this way, digital marketing has actually increased the customer value, as it provide scope to the customers in sharing their experience with the customers. Franco et al. (2014) pointed out that unlike the traditional marketing, in digital marketing, the customers can also share their suggestion over the product improvement. In this way, contemporary organizations can better modify their products and service offerings as per customized needs. It facilitates the organizations towards gaining competitive edge over the rival organizations through formulating customized product strategy. While considering the example of Four Star Pizza, it can be seen that the organization uses digital media marketing for gaining deep insights about the customers regarding their foods. Based on the feedback of the customers, the organization constantly modifies their foods as per customized and preferred tastes of the customers. Such unique customer value facilitates the organization towards gaining competitive advantage over its rivals (Tome and Snoj 2014). Therefore, recently, this organization is much more concentrated on their digital marketing effusiven ess rather than focusing on traditional marketing. Therefore, digital marketing has gradually replaced traditional marketing in regards to strategy development. From the global study, it can be seen more than half of the world use digital media tools for accessing information. In such situation, digital media is the best tool for marketing the products and services with increased exposure of brands to the customers. People all around the world are quite busy in their work life. Wedel and Kannan (2016) stated that people in todays world do not have much time to watch or listen to product or service advertisement over radio, television or any print media. Therefore, traditional marketing is less effective in effective brand exposure to todays customers. However, Vsquez and Escamilla (2014) opined that people are always engaged with digital media either for the purpose of their work or anything else. Moreover, with high level of digitalization, todays customers are more inclined to search for product and service information through digital media tools like social media, emails, websites, video hosting, mobile SMS and others. Moreover, digital m arketing also direct the customers directly to the company websites, where they can access detailed information regarding the products and services. In this way, contemporary organizations can also access the customer visit rate of the websites and understand the popularity of the brand for strategy formulation. Unlike the traditional marketing, in digital marketing, organizations can see their business or product status in real time. According to Jrvinen and Karjaluoto (2015), digital marketing allows the contemporary organizations to oversee the factors, which is not working properly and need quick improvement for better business result. Moreover, modern business organizations can measure the popularity of their brand through measuring the traffic of their websites. As per Levy and Gvili (2015), contemporary organizations can easily measure the traffic of their websites using Google Analytics for measuring specific goals of the websites, blogs and other packaged e-mail marketing solution. The organization can also measure the amount the people opening, reading and converting from the e-mails. Strm, Vendel and Bredican (2014) stated that digital marketing is the best tool for simply measuring the success of the business and making any improvement over the strategy for gaining sustained competitive advantage. In this way, after measuring the brand popularity over the digital media, the organizations can quickly adopt improvement strategy for modifying their brand features for providing unique customer value. In this way, digital marketing has gradually replaced traditional marketing for making more customized business strategies. While considering example of Butlers Chocolates Company in Ireland, the organization uses digital media for getting more interaction with the customers. Moreover, with the help of digital media marketing tools, the organization simply measures the popularity of the chocolate products and makes immediate modification after getting any significant suggestions from the customers (Taneja and Toombs 2014). Such customer concerns through digital media to ols have built the foundation of the business success of this organization. Traditional marketing tools were limited within their era. According to Rani and Rani (2017), in traditional marketing tools, customers were nowhere provided with the scope to refer their preferred brand to mass of their friends and close circles. Therefore, promotional strategies were limited mostly to the individual level of the individual customers. However, Killian and McManus (2015) opined that digital marketing tools always facilitate the contemporary organizations in making their brand promotional messages viral. Moreover, the social media tools like Facebook, Twitter, Youtube and others provide options to the customers towards sharing the information of their preferred products and services to their closed friends. In this way, unlike the traditional marketing tools, digital marketing tools go beyond the individual levels of the customers and make the brand promotional message viral (Stone et al. 2016). In this way, contemporary business organization can perfect manage their promotional strategies through digital marketing tools by replacing the traditional marketing tools. With the globalized nature of businesses, it is almost impossible for the organizations and its marketers to walk around world personally and collect insights about the customers. Furthermore, Abashidze (2017) pointed out that traditional print media marketing and radio, television and billboard advertising was quite ineffective to communicate important information about the products and services to the global customers in real time. In such situation, digital marketing tools are quite effective to reach information product and service information to the customers in real time. Bianchi and Andrews (2015) opined that organization can communicate their important information to the global customers with a fraction of time. Such real time communication of the information to the customers actually enhances the value of the information. On the other hand, Ahuja (2015) opined that traditional marketing tools could not guarantee communication of important information to the customers in real time due to breakthrough in communication channels. However, digital media tools are less influenced any through in communication channels. Therefore, such marketing tools are quite effective in providing real time product and service information to the customers, which manages the right value of the promotional messages. Cost is an important factor to be considered, which has replaced traditional marketing tools with the usage of digital marketing tools. According to Ribn, Monroy and Ortega (2017), traditional marketing tools were quite expensive and the design of traditional marketing media used to increase the overall organizational cost for managing the promotional strategies. Moreover, the advertising channels like television, radio, Yellow Pages, magazines require enough investment from the part of organizations for regularly updating and designing the promotional contents. On the other hand, Kleppinger and Cain (2015) opined that digital marketing tools sometimes needs little investment for updating the digital media pages. However, such investment cost is quite less than those of traditional marketing tools. Moreover, the organization can easily create an e-mail account, social media account, You-Tube pages within fraction of time and without spending much amount of money. In this extent, trad itional marketing methods like television advertisement, radio advertisement, billboards and other is quite expensive and needs huge investment for its perfect design and development. Gottlieb and Bianchi (2017) stated that Contemporary business organizations can develop online marketing strategies with very little cost than traditional marketing strategies. Therefore, digital marketing tools can effectively develop promotional tools for communicating product and service information with much lesser cost than those of traditional marketing tools. Hence, digital marketing tools have gradually replaced the traditional marketing tools in developing and managing promotional strategies. While considering the example of Aer Lingus, the organization has recently given major focus on the digital marketing tools for reducing their overall promotional cost. Moreover, the organization is quite successful in reducing the cost of overall promotional strategies. Furthermore, the organization is now more capable of reaching worldwide customers with lesser time, which enhances the value of the information in real time frame (Earley and Maislin 2016). Furthermore, the cost effecti veness of digital media is also insisting the organization towards replacing the traditional marketing tools with digital marketing tools for its strategy management. Most of the contemporary organizations are ramping up their brand and business on digital marketing campaign, using different channels. Hence, digital marketing tools are quite effective in knowing and understanding the core unique value of the competitor organization. According to Opreana and Vinerean (2015), digital marketing tools are quite effective in identifying and recognizing the core and unique value of the competitor organizations. In such situation, traditional marketing tools are less effective in recognizing the unique attributes of the competitors with limited brand exposure. Killian and McManus (2015) pointed out that with increased brand exposure, digital marketing tools facilitate the organizations to have a look on their competitors strategies and plan accordingly for gaining competitive advantage over their competitors. In this way, digital marketing tools are quite helpful over the traditional marketing tools in gaining competitors information and formulating comp etitive strategies towards beating the competitors. Furthermore, Karjaluoto, Mustonen and Ulkuniemi (2015) opined that real time results from the digital marketing tools facilitate the contemporary organizations in better understanding the competitive scenario in the market. Therefore, the organizations can easily track any limitations in their strategies and improve those strategies towards beating the competitive pressure generated from the competitors. Having a dominant and optimized online presence on digital media through smartphoneand tablets, contemporary organizations can easily influence the buying behavior of the customers. According to Franco et al. (2014), almost 82% of the mobile searchers around the world check on the in-store purchase using their phones. Furthermore, almost 65% of people look for most valuable and accurate information to their queries through the usage of digital media. 33% of mobile users ultimately purchase products and services from different brands than they have in mind because of the information listed. Therefore, it can be said that digital media is quite effective in managing the strategies of customer attraction. On the other hand, Tome and Snoj (2014) stated that traditional marketing tools are ineffective to provide detailed information to the customers. Therefore, such marketing tools are not much effective towards influencing the purchasing behavior of the customers. The limited information provided through the traditional marketing are less influential on customer attraction strategies. Digital marketing tools directly direct the customers towards the main websites of the customers, where they can access detailed information regarding the products and services. Such detailed information provides clear and accurate ideas of products and services to the customers, which lead them towards taking purchasing decisions. In this way, digital marketing tools are quite effective than traditional marketing tools for managing the promotional strategies and attracting customers. Strong digital marketing strategies allow diverse business organizations towards competing with each other on similar line of the sizes. A well structured and reputed website design, which entitles smooth journey for the customers, can be unparallel in promoting the products and services. According to Lamberton and Stephen (2016), traditional marketing tools can be high expensive for the small scale businesses towards promoting their products and services. On the other hand, Vsquez and Escamilla (2014) opined that designing an attractive website can be less expensive for the small scale customers than those of traditional marketing strategies. Moreover, small scale organizations can use same digital media tools and techniques towards competing with the big companies in the same market. Moreover, well designed and developed websites facilitate organizations towards attracting the customers in visiting the products and services. Furthermore, Wedel and Kannan (2016) stated that websites having easy interface assist the organizations in selecting their products and services effectively and order for those products and services. Therefore, unlike the traditional marketing tools, digital marketing tools like attractive websites help even the small scale organization towards beating the large scale organizations. In this way, digital marketing assists in better maintain the competitive strategies. With such advantage of digital marketing, it has gradually replaced the traditional marketing tools. While considering the evidence from GoCar Company in Ireland, it can be found that the organization has attractively designed its websites for easy interaction with the customers. Such attractively designed websites of the organization provides detailed car service information to the customers to the customers. Such precisely constructed websites and detailed information encourage the customers toward taking purchasing d ecisions (Taiminen and Karjaluoto 2015). Therefore, the organization can effectively maintain its competitive strategies over the competitors for gaining competitive advantage. Tradition marketing tools are limited in direct interaction with the customers. Moreover, traditional marketing is only concerned with making the customers aware of the existence of the brands. As per Wedel and Kannan (2016), traditional marketing tools are restricted in gaining inner perspectives of customers with lack of direct interaction with customers. Therefore, organizations are incapable of knowing the information about the brand preferences. Moreover, in traditional marketing, customers are mostly avoided and their concerns are not given much priority. In this way, ignorance of customer concerns actually leads to customer dissatisfaction. On the other hand, Taiminen and Karjaluoto (2015) opined that digital marketing tools like websites and e-marketing even have live chat options for the customers. Such live chat options in the digital marketing tools facilitate the customers in resolving their queries in details. Furthermore, the customers can also provide their feedback on these live chat options regarding the brands. Stone and Woodcock (2014) stated that the customers can also communicate their complaints over these chat options for getting immediate solutions. In this way, organizations can better provide importance to the customer concerns for getting resolving their issues before those issues become the reasons for customer dissatisfaction. Therefore, digital marketing tools are more effective than the traditional marketing tools in maintaining customer retention strategy towards retaining customers for longer time. In this way, digital marketing strategies have replaced the traditional marketing strategies in terms of developing customer retention strategies. According to Tome and Snoj (2014), digital marketing tools are quite effective than those of traditional marketing tools in promoting attractive discounts and offerings in real time. With the limitation of time, customers can often skip the promotional advertisement on their television, radios and newspapers. However, Taiminen and Karjal uoto (2015) opined that most of people are becoming highly tech savvy in the todays world. Therefore, it is easier to persuade the customers with the attractive discounts and offerings with greater exposure in the digital media sites. In this way, digital media facilitates the organization in managing their customer loyalty strategies. Such facilities of digital media marketing have ultimately replaced traditional medial marketing. Conclusion While concluding the study, it can be said that advancement of technology has led the organizations to be concentrated more on digital media marketing than those of traditional media marketing. In traditional media marketing, the organizations get lesser scope towards interacting directly with the customers. On the other hand, in digital media marketing, the organizations can directly interact with the customers. Therefore, in digital marketing, organizations gain deeper insights regarding the customer preferences. Furthermore, the customers can also provide their preferred suggestions over the brands. In this way, contemporary organizations incorporate customized values in their products and services through the recommendations provided by the customers in the digital marketing tools. Such customized value has led the organizations in replacing the traditional marketing tools with digital marketing tools. Furthermore, increased customer interaction with the customers over the digita l marketing tools facilitates in better customer relationship, which is not possible in traditional marketing tools. Unlike the traditional marketing, digital marketing facilitates the contemporary organizations in enhancing its brand exposure through increased customer referrals. Moreover, digital marketing tools have the advantage to make the promotional strategies viral. Therefore, digital marketing tools have ultimately replaced the traditional marketing tools for its increased brand exposure. Apart from that, designing traditional marketing tools is quite expensive for the organizations. On the other hand, digital marketing tools are quite less expensive to develop than those of traditional marketing tools. Therefore, digital marketing tools have replaced the traditional marketing tools in terms of its cost effectiveness and increased brand exposure. Reference List Abashidze, I., 2017. Integrated Marketing Communications in web 2.0 environment: Challenges and Opportunities of online presence.Journal of Research in Marketing,8(1), pp.617-623. Ahuja, V., 2015. Development of an optimal solution for digital marketing variables in an online tool.International Journal of Internet Marketing and Advertising,9(1), pp.49-65. Bianchi, C. and Andrews, L., 2015. Investigating marketing managers' perspectives on social media in Chile.Journal of Business Research,68(12), pp.2552-2559. Earley, S. and Maislin, S., 2016. Data governance and digital transformation: Using the customer journey to define a framework.Applied Marketing Analytics,2(1), pp.25-40. Franco, M., de Ftima Santos, M., Ramalho, I. and Nunes, C., 2014. An exploratory study of entrepreneurial marketing in SMEs: The role of the founder-entrepreneur.Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development,21(2), pp.265-283. Gottlieb, U. and Bianchi, C., 2017. Virtual trade shows: Exhibitors perspectives on virtual marketing capability requirements.Electronic Commerce Research and Applications,21, pp.17-26. Jrvinen, J. and Karjaluoto, H., 2015. The use of Web analytics for digital marketing performance measurement.Industrial Marketing Management,50, pp.117-127. Karjaluoto, H., Mustonen, N. and Ulkuniemi, P., 2015. The role of digital channels in industrial marketing communications.Journal of Business Industrial Marketing,30(6), pp.703-710. Killian, G. and McManus, K., 2015. A marketing communications approach for the digital era: Managerial guidelines for social media integration.Business Horizons,58(5), pp.539-549. Kleppinger, C.A. and Cain, J., 2015. Personal digital branding as a professional asset in the digital age.American journal of pharmaceutical education,79(6), p.79. Lamberton, C. and Stephen, A.T., 2016. A thematic exploration of digital, social media, and mobile marketing: research evolution from 2000 to 2015 and an agenda for future inquiry.Journal of Marketing,80(6), pp.146-172. Levy, S. and Gvili, Y., 2015. How credible is e-word of mouth across digital-marketing channels?.Journal of Advertising Research,55(1), pp.95-109. Opreana, A. and Vinerean, S., 2015. A new development in online marketing: Introducing digital inbound marketing.Expert Journal of Marketing,3(1). Rani, K. and Rani, S.S., 2017. Impact of Big Data analysis in digital marketing.International Journal of Innovative Research and Advanced Studies,4(1), pp.140-142. Ribn, J.R., Monroy, R.M. and Ortega, A.C., 2017. Interactive Online Marketing Via Digital Terrestrial Television.Indian Journal of Science and Technology,8(1). Stone, M., Stone, M., Laughlin, P. and Laughlin, P., 2016. How interactive marketing is changing in financial services.Journal of Research in Interactive Marketing,10(4), pp.338-356. Stone, M.D. and Woodcock, N.D., 2014. Interactive, direct and digital marketing: A future that depends on better use of business intelligence.Journal of Research in Interactive Marketing,8(1), pp.4-17. Strm, R., Vendel, M. and Bredican, J., 2014. Mobile marketing: A literature review on its value for consumers and retailers.Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services,21(6), pp.1001-1012. Taiminen, H.M. and Karjaluoto, H., 2015. The usage of digital marketing channels in SMEs.Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development,22(4), pp.633-651. Taneja, S. and Toombs, L., 2014. Putting a face on small businesses: Visibility, viability, and sustainability the impact of social media on small business marketing.Academy of Marketing Studies Journal,18(1), p.249. Tiago, M.T.P.M.B. and Verssimo, J.M.C., 2014. Digital marketing and social media: Why bother?.Business Horizons,57(6), pp.703-708. Tome, D. and Snoj, B., 2014. Marketing communication on social networks: Solution in the times of crisis.Marketing,45(2), pp.131-138. Vsquez, G.A.N. and Escamilla, E.M., 2014. Best practice in the use of social networks marketing strategy as in SMEs.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,148, pp.533-542. Wedel, M. and Kannan, P.K., 2016. Marketing analytics for data-rich environments.Journal of Marketing,80(6), pp.97-121.

Falstaff And King Lear Essays (1164 words) - King Lear,

Falstaff and King Lear Falstaff and King Lear Shakespeare's tragedy King Lear is a detailed description of the consequences of one man's decisions. This fictitious man is Lear, King of England, who's decisions greatlyalter his life and the lives of those around him. As Lear bears the status of King heis, as one expects, a man of great power but sinfully he surrenders all of this power to his daughters as a reward for their demonstration of love towards him. (Cain) Thisuntimely abdication of his throne results in a chain reaction of events that send him througha journey of hell. King Lear is a metaphorical description of one man's journey through hell in order to expiate his sin. As the play opens one can almost immediately see thatLearbegins to make mistakes that will eventually result in his downfall. (Neher) This is the first and most significant of the many sins that he makes in this play. By abdicating his throne to fuel his ego he is disrupts the great chain of being which statesthat the King must not challenge the position that God has given him. This undermining of God's authority results in chaos that tears apart Lear's world. (Williams) Leavinghim, in the end, with nothing. Following this Lear begins to banish those around him that genuinely care for him as at this stage he cannot see beyond the mask that the evilwear. He banishes Kent, a loyal servant to Lear, and his youngest and previously most loved daughter Cordelia. (Nixon) This results in Lear surrounding himself with peoplewho only wish to use him which leaves him very vulnerable attack. This is precisely what happens and it is through this that he discovers his wrongs and amends them.Following the committing of his sins, Lear becomes abandoned and estranged from his kingdom which causes him to loose sanity. While lost in his grief and self-pity the foolis introduced to guide Lear back to the sane world and to help find the lear that was ounce lost behind a hundred Knights but now is out in the open and scared like a littlechild. (Bradley) The fact that Lear has now been pushed out from behind his Knights is dramatically represented by him actually being out on the lawns of his castle. Theterrified little child that is now unsheltered is dramatically portrayed byLear's sudden insanity and his rage and anger is seen through the thunderous weather that is being experienced. All of this contributes to the suffering of Lear due to thegross sins that he has committed. The pinnacle of this hell that is experienced be Lear in orderto repay his sins is at the end of the play when Cordelia is killed. Lear says this before he himself dies as he cannot live without his daughter. (Bradley) All of this pain that Lear suffered is traced back to the single most important error that he made. The choice to give up his throne. This one sin has proven to have massiverepercussions upon Lear and the lives of those around him eventually killing almost all of those who were involved. And one is left to ask one's self if a single wrong turn cando this to Lear then what difficult corner lies ahead that may cause similar alterations inone's life. There has been many different views on the plays of William Shakespeare and definitions of what kind of play they were. The two most popular would be the comedy andthe tragedy. King Lear to some people may be a comedy because they believe that the play has been over exaggerated. Others would say King Lear was a tragedy becausethere is so much suffering and chaos. What makes a Shakespearean play a comedy or a tragedy? King Lear would be a tragedy because it meets all the requirements of atragedy as defined by Andrew Cecil Bradley. Bradley states that a Shakespearean tragedy must have to be the story of the hero and that there is exceptional suffering andcalamity slowly being wornin as well as it being contrasted to happier times. The play also depicts the troubled parts in his life and eventually his death that is instantaneous caused by the suffering andcalamity. There is the feeling of fear in the play as well, that makes men see how blind they are not knowing when fortune or something else would be on them. (Cain) Thehero must be of a high status on the chain and the hero also possesses a tragic flaw that initiates the tragedy. Thefall of the hero is not felt by him alone but creates a

Informative Essay Writing

Informative Essay Writing Informative Essay Writing Informative Essay Writing: How to Deal with Informative essay writing is a kind of writing, which aims to inform a reader about some specific matter with which he or she is not acquainted yet. While writing your informative essays you have to remember that your task is just to inform the readers objectively about some matter, without evaluating it or without inserting your own point of view at the subject. You have to be impartial during your informative essay writing: Writing Good Informative Essay In order to write good informative essays you have to ask yourself five journalistic questions before any word of informative essay writing. These journalistic questions help you to look at the problem from all the possible angles and to reveal the topic for 100 percent. If you are not acquainted with these journalistic questions, it is a high time for you to correct this mistake. Thus, the journalistic questions are as follow: Who? What? When? Where? Why? If you answer to all of them in your informative essay writing, you will manage to write excellent informative essays. Make these very journalistic questions to be a structure for your informative essay writing and you will present informative essays, which meet all the requirements from them and get the highest grade for your labour. Educate Your Readers Through Informative Essay While being engaged into informative essay writing, do not forget that your mission is to educate your readers somehow by presenting some interesting facts. That is why while dealing with the topic in your informative essay writing, remember that far not everyone is already acquainted with the matter of your informative essays. Try to explain the whole deepness of problem you are dealing with in your informative essay writing, before going into details and specifications in order the readers to be able to understand everything you write. Key Points To Include These are the main points your informative essay writing should reveal, do not neglect any of them as they will really help you to achieve a great result in your informative essay writing: explain something the majority of readers are not acquainted with; include the latest approaches to the topic you are dealing with in your informative essay writing; present all the existing approaches at the subject; present the problem of informative essays in general and after that fall into details; present several opposing points of view; cause-effect relations should be also analyzed within your informative essay writing. teach your audience how to use the knowledge it has received from you informative essay writing. Read more: Editing Essay Service Deforestation Essay Professional Editing Service Essay Example on Cause of Crime Stress Management Essay

Elements and Genre Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Elements and Genre - Assignment Example It fulfills all expectations of romantic comedy movies without crossing genres. The movie The Imaginarium of Parnassus is an example of a science-fiction movie. Such movies have characteristics of high levels of imagination of things not likely to happen in reality. This movie qualifies to be in this genre since we find this aspect with the images formed. These include; enchanting meadows, mysterious forests that have ladders that go all the way to the sky and floating nymphs. Like the movie above, it fulfills all expectations of movies of this genre without crossing genres. Another film, Moulin Rouge – Silly Love Songs is an example of a music movie. The movie is full of sumptuous music and dance. The setting is the Montmartre Quarter of Paris. This movie fulfills all expectations of the movies of this genre. However, it crosses its genre since it has aspects of romance. It follows the love life of a poet who falls in love with Moulin Rouge meaning its genre can also be a romance

Evolving thesis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Evolving thesis - Essay Example To a great extent, this claim can be viewed as a logical one and there is evidence all around us that validates and supports it. The acquisition of property and goods is often used as a hallmark of success where the ones who have the â€Å"best†, â€Å"biggest† or â€Å"most† of something are considered most successful. To appreciate that, one only needs to observe the mass media, especially television, magazines as well as online polls. Every year Forbes comes out with a list of the richest in the world, there are surveys to show, for instance which footballer owns the biggest car and art enthusiasts and collectors often strive to have the most extensive collection of paintings, books and many other ostentation goods. For example Bill Gates is ranked as the richest man in the world, this ranking being based on our perception of money as an indirect endorsement for the man as the most successful businessman alive. These measurements do not take into account what he has achieved, how many people he has helped or even how happy he is, all that counts are the possessions he has accumulated. Thus the rest of America works tirelessly to acquire as much as they can and often forget to enjoy it since their primary goal is to be viewed as successful in their circles. The most direct route to that is to buy and flaunt, indeed most Americans according to research would pick money over happiness if they had a chance (Wolfe 32). Twitchell’s (p.285) claim is supported by his own reasoning in regard to poverty in the western world, albeit it applies universally; he states that the poor are labeled as such, owing to their lack of material things and property. Going by the original argument that we use these things to define and give meaning to ourselves, it would then appear that the poor lack meaning and inevitably face exclusion from society. A look at the social stratification will confirm that the more one owns the higher they are likely to go, for instance, I imagine the guards in an exclusive hotel are more likely to open the gate for an expensive looking top of the range car than they are for a homeless man or generally disheveled individual. This is because the consumerist society in which we exist sustains itself by excluding anyone who does not conform to the culture of endless buying and since human beings are social creatures, most of us try to keep up with the consumerist trends (Twitchell 286). The â€Å"cool† and successful individuals and groups at the top of the chain who are the subject of the collective admiration from the less successful are extremely dynamic. This must be so otherwise the materialist culture would come up even if they were to remain static for others to keep up with them. For instance when technology devices such as the new iPhone are unveiled, there are those who can afford to purchase them immediately notwithstanding the price. The rest will save until they can afford the device; however, some months down the line, when they are almost achieving this end, a new more expensive model is unveiled and quickly grabbed by the rich as the rest are left in second place as always. This cycle of changing trends and fashions is what ultimately drives consumerism and manipulates many Americans to keep buying items not for the items own sake but to enhance

Fundamentals of Organizational Behavior and Ethics Essay

Fundamentals of Organizational Behavior and Ethics - Essay Example In addition, it studies individual behavior within different organizational structures to determine why an individuals or groups respond as they do to different situations and how management can use this to benefit the organization. Organizational behavior helps the manager derive the desired results from the company while considering the practical and emotional needs of the individual employee. Organizational culture is the system of shared values and norms of the organization’s members. It will dictate how the members form groups and communicate. It will involve the way the members dress, talk, and the language that they use in their business communications. It will also imply a set of ethics to be followed in their approach to business transactions. Organizational culture defines the tone and temperament of the organization that distinguishes it from other organizations. In addition, organizational culture will consist of the rites and traditions that the organization has. This may be as simple as a company picnic, an informal initiation process, or the respect for a chain of command. While this is helpful in developing a shared vision among the members for the company’s objectives, it can also result in negative attitudes or outdated social perceptions in some cases. Racism or sexism may be difficult to eliminate if it is insidious within the organizational culture. Likewise, equality, social responsibility, and community service can be infused into an organization be affecting the organizational behavior. One of the biggest challenges facing the field of organizational behavior is the expanding global marketplace and the increasing diversity in the workplace. Diversity can come in the form of race, ethnicity, age, gender, sexual preference, or religion. Until recently the impact of diversity in the workplace was often overlooked and minorities were often expected to maintain a company culture that may have been hostile or

William Shakespeare Sonnet

William Shakespeare Sonnet Comparisons between Karen McCullah Lutz and Kirsten Smiths 10 Things I Hate About You and William Shakespeares The Taming of the Shrew and references to William Shakespeares â€Å"Sonnet 141† Numerous different people have adapted or remade William Shakespeares work The Taming of the Shrew since he wrote it. One of those adaptations is Karen McCullah Lutz and Kirsten Smiths 10 Things I Hate About You and has many direct and indirect references to Shakespeares The Taming†¦. First off, the similarity in the naming of the primary characters, the two sisters in The Taming†¦ are named Katherina and Bianca, in 10 Things†¦ Katarina and Bianca. In 10 Things†¦ the girls last name is Stratford undoubtedly a reference to Stratford-Upon-Avon where Shakespeare was born. Petruchio of Verona in The Taming†¦ closely resembles Patrick Verona of 10 Things†¦ The story lines mirror each other closely. Shakespeares Lucentio wants to marry Bianca but is unable to until her older sister is first wed. In 10 Things†¦ Joey is in the same situation wanting to date Bianca but she is unable to until her older sister starts dating. In both works, Petruchio and Patrick are relatively unknowns from out of town. In The Taming†¦ Hortensio has disguised himself as a music teacher, so that he can spend time with Bianca and woo her secretly. Looking at 10 Things†¦ Cameron becomes a French tutor to Bianca because he wants to be around Bianca and hopes to woo her as well. There are other points in 10 Things†¦ that reference Shakespeare, in Wikipedia it is noted that; At several points the characters also either directly quote Shakespeare or allude to his style of writing in their own speech, typically for comedic value. For example, upon seeing Bianca for the first time, Cameron declares, â€Å"I burn, I pine, I perish!† (10 things) Which is a direct quote from The Taming†¦ that Lucento says in Act I scene i. Tranio, I burn, I pine, I perish, Tranio, If I achieve not this young modest girl. Counsel me, Tranio, for I know thou canst: Assist me, Tranio, for I know thou wilt (The Taming). What Lucento is saying is that he wants to wed Bianca and he is asking Tranio, his servant, how he can achieve this. Continuing from Wikipedia, â€Å"Also, when Michael pulls out on his motorbike in front of [Katarina] and she apprehends him, he calls her the shrew.† (10 things) I found this to be very interesting as many modern students have a very hard time relating to Shakespeare. This was a very bold move by Lutz and Smith and in 10 Things†¦ they really pulled it off well in that I did not even notice it the first few times that I watched it. Once I did notice this, I felt that the bringing the classics to the modern screen enhanced this movie even more. Katharina has the homework assignment to write her own version of Shakespeares â€Å"Sonnet 141†. Her poem â€Å"10 things I hate about you† obviously becomes the title of the movie. The first two lines of â€Å"Sonnet 141† read, â€Å"In faith, I do not love thee with mine eyes, For they in thee a thousand errors note;† (Sonnet) What it seems that Shakespeare is saying I love you but not for your physical beauty in Katharinas version she states, â€Å"I hate the way you talk to me, and the way you cut your hair† (10 things). Not an exact match but her poem reflects what Shakespeare was conveying in â€Å"Sonnet 141† which I see as, you are not perfect but I love you in so many ways nonetheless. This can also be seen in next two lines of â€Å"Sonnet 141† â€Å"But tis my heart that loves what they despise,Who, in despite of view, is pleasd to dote.† (Sonnet) Which say that no matter what some see I will dote on you because my heart loves what others may not like. The rest of â€Å"Sonnet 141† is much the same just stated much more eloquently by Shakespeare. The last line of Katharinas version is,â€Å"But mostly I hate the way I dont hate you. Not even close, not even a little bit, not even at all† (10 Things) This is in essence exactly what Shakespeare says in â€Å"Sonnet 141† just taking the reverse, he loves her yet he cannot say why and Kat says I should hate you but I do not. There are other correlations between 10 Things I Hate About You and The Taming of the Shrew beyond what I have shown here. I believe that this was an excellent modernizing of a truly great work of Shakespeares. 10 Things†¦ uses a classic story bringing it to a new generation even if they do not realize it. Most will agree that the movie was purely for entertainment but who knows they may have learned something along the way. Work Cited 10 Things I Hate About You. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 4 Mar 2007, 18:30 UTC. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 4 Mar 2007. d=112609421>. Sonnet 141. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 19 Jan 2007, 01:35 UTC. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 5 Mar 2007. . The Taming of the Shrew. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 3 Mar 2007, 19:02 UTC. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 4 Mar 2007. 12378181>. I have included both Kats poem from 10 Things†¦ and â€Å"Sonnet 141† Kats 10 Things I Hate About You I hate the way you talk to me, and the way you cut your hair. I hate the way you drive my car. I hate it when you stare. I hate your big dumb combat boots, and the way you read my mind. I hate you so much it makes me sick; it even makes me rhyme. I hate the way youre always right. I hate it when you lie. I hate it when you make me laugh, even worse when you make me cry. I hate it when youre not around, and the fact that you didnt call. But mostly I hate the way I dont hate you. Not even close, not even a little bit, not even at all. Sonnet 141 by William Shakespeare In faith, I do not love thee with mine eyes, For they in thee a thousand errors note; But tis my heart that loves what they despise, Who, in despite of view, is pleasd to dote. Nor are mine ears with thy tongues tune delighted; Nor tender feeling, to base touches prone. Nor taste nor smell desire to be invited To any sensual feast with thee alone: But my five wits nor my five senses can Dissuade one foolish heart from serving thee, Who leaves unswayd the likeness of a man, Thy proud hearts slave and vassal wretch to be: Only my plague thus far I count my gain, That she that makes me sin awards me pain

Barriers to Effective Communication for Nurses Essay -- Papers Nurse N

Barriers to Effective Communication Communication is the process of sending and receiving messages between two or more people; this is something that we do all the time. It is important that nurses recognize that communication is the key to good holistic care, as patients need reassurance and information regarding their care. Communication is so much more than just talking to one another. It is how people respond to each other in many different ways (Langs 1983). Some examples of communication are talking, writing, signing, reading and body language, which is suggested, has several elements (Dimbleby and Burton 1992). Communication can be very effective but first it needs to be established, and then maintained. Nurses can do this during an assessment when a patient/client comes into hospital. However, it is argued that barriers to communication can prevent appropriate and effective care being given to patients. Communication can either facilitate the development of a therapeutic relationship or create barriers (Stuart and Sundeen 1995). Because of their diverse nature, communication disorders are difficult to classify (Crystal, 1980). You can discover problems simply by observing an individual. Observation can be used to establish which language is being used, if the client has any hearing difficulties or visual impairments, physical illness or disability, or if there are learning difficulties. Any of these issues could control how well a person is able to communicate with you. Therefore, for the purpose of this piece of work, I have chosen to explore two barriers to communication, and illustrate key points.... ... Ellis, R.B. Gates, R.J. Kenworthy, N. 1995. Interpersonal Communication in Nursing. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. Lewycka, M. 2001.Caring For Someone With A Hearing Loss. London: Age Concern Martin, M. Grover, B. 1986. Hearing Loss. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone McMillan, M. Townsend, J. 1994 Reflections on Contemporary Nursing Practice. Australia: Reed International Books. McQuail, D. 1984. Communication. 2nd Edition. United States of America: Longman Inc. Nolan, Y. 2001. NVQ Level 3 In Care. Oxford: Heinemann. Peplau, H.E. 1988. Interpersonal Relations in Nursing. Hampshire: Macmillan Education Ltd. Riley, J.B. 2000 Communication in Nursing. 4th Edition. United States of America: Mosby Inc. Syder, D. 1992. An Introduction to Communication Disorders. London: Chapman and Hall.

Christian Societies Emerge in Europe Essay

Christian Societies Emerge in Europe, 600-1200 1. What new political systems emerged in Europe after the fall of Rome? How consistent were these systems, and what major variations were there? Byzantine had a continuation of Roman Imperial rule and tradition where it was completely gone in the kingdoms succeeding Rome in the West. Byzantine still used the imperial law intact while the west used provincial form of Roman law. Byzantine combined imperial rule with the political oversight of the Christian Church which led to Christian monarchs, a ruler with supreme religious and political authority. This prevented the empire to divide into principalities like in the East. Imperial authority and urbanization of the Byzantine protected them from population loss and economic reverse of the Western Empire besides from the Bubonic plague. decline. In western Europe, the imperial legal framework of the Roman Empire disappeared and saw to the rise of kings, nobles and chieftains in regions. Family based traditions of the Germanic people persisted and supplied laws of the Roman emperors. A local lord had a castle where peasants could take refuge in times of fear and security. Manorial systems developed which are self-sufficient farming estates consisted of outbuildings, castle, peasant village and surrounding land. Feudalism is the more political term where kings and lords give land to vassals in return for sworn military support. Fear allowed for farmers to give up their land in return for protection. Poorly organized govt. and isolation made them rely on own resources. The lords provided governance and justice while royal govt. involvement is limited. Jurisdiction fell under the clergy of the church, monasteries or nunneries which owned agricultural land. During the revival of Western Europe, 1000-1200, independent cities formed and were governed by communes or groups of leading citizens. Instead of farming these cities turned to manufacturing and trade. Laws made serfs free once they left the countryside for the city. Venice became dominant sea power and competed with Pisa and Genoa for domination of trade with Muslim ports in Africa and Med. Cites in Flanders rivaled Italian cities in prosperity trade and industry (dominated fish and wool trades) Abundant coinage of silver and gold coming from Muslim and Byzantine lands, promoted economic activity 2. How and why did Christianity spread throughout Europe up to 1200 CE? It spread through the Roman Empire which ruled parts of the Europe west of the Rhine and south of the Danube. First when Christianity was not very widely practiced and it was illegal, it spread along urban networks and lower classes. Then emperors started to convert starting with the Byzantine emperors established Christianity as their official religion. Then Christianity started to gain support and patronage. There were a few missionaries sent out of the Roman Empire such as St. Patrick who spread the religion to Ireland. Trade and Christian slaves also spread Christianity more easily to a broad range of places. After the division of the Roman Empire, two –thirds of Christians adopted Muslim faith in Byzantine territories around southern Med. The church and the jurisdiction of the pope remained a huge influence and role model in society. Kings who succeeded Western Europe generally were Christian so they can win the favor of their subjects. There were more missionaries spreading the teachings of Christianity. Monasteries and covenants planted Christianity in new lands. The Poles and other Slavic people in the North accepted the Christianity of Rome, taught by German priests and missionaries, and diffusion from Constantinople. In Kiev Russia, Vladimir married a bride from the Byzantine imperial family and converted to Orthodox Christianity and opened his lands to Orthodox clerics and missionaries†¦ Generally speaking, Christianity spread because of cultural diffusion, missionaries, political contacts such as marriage alliances, and Christian conquests. 3. How does the economic, social, and political structure of Europe compare with the previous era under the Roman Empire? Economically, Byzantine government remained the same in terms of set prices, organized grain shipments to the capital and monopolies on trade goods and luxuries. This may have slowed economic developments. The focus was mainly on Constantinople’s rich, trade, glittering court and cathedrals leaving the poor and the travelers behind which affected other Byzantine cities negatively. There was no moral code to follow so there were many crimes. In Western Europe, Germanic political order cared less about the urban based  civilization of Rome. It lost pop. in most regions and some cities became villages. Roman Roads, abandoned villas and public buildings started deteriorating as wealth, maintenance, and workers decreased. Paying with coins was replaced with the bartering system. Trade declined so they had to rely on local sources. Roman centralization used its wealth and production on the capital, which spread Rome’s cultural traits throughout the provinces. But Germanic territorial lords persisted on their own cultural traditions so literacy and other aspects of Rome declined. The status of women changed. During the Roman Empire, the family was centered on the legally all-powerful father while woman enjoyed freedom in public. Later, after the 7th century, women lived in confinement and hid their faces under veil. They only socialized with males in their family. On the other hand, from 1028-1056, women ruled along their husbands. Some also played prominent roles based on status such as the daughter of Emperor Comnenus by expressing her ideas and point of view. In Western Europe, the Germanic tradition was splitting property among sons. The Manorial system allowed for Nobles and their family to completely rule over the serfs of agricultural workers who worked the land in return for protection and could not leave the manor where they were born into. This limited the freedom and potential achievement for most people except for the nobles. K nights, the primary figure of medieval warfare, regularly answered to calls for military service and there was a growing number of warriors and horsemen which gradually led to an increased status of a mounted warrior, becoming a landowner. Land was the basis of wealth so the more land, the more support for the knight there is. Fiefs or grants of land could be inheritable as long as military service was provided. Noblewomen played key parts in the Feudal system. A man who married the daughter or widow of a lord with no sons could gain control of their property. Marriage alliances affect the kingdom on a whole. Noblewomen had sufficient roles in society such as directing public works. Noble daughters AND sons had little say in marriage matters but issues of land, power, and military service took more importance. Noblewomen could inherit land even when the husband was away at war. Regular women worked with the men, performing agricultural tasks such as raking, stacking hay, shearing sheep, and picking vegetables. They also were skilled artisans so they could weave and sew. Some women lived my monastic rules by seclusion in convent  but very small percentage. Convents provided refuge for widows and for other women in need of protection and spirituality. Byzantine still maintained Roman Imperial rule and traditions. Imperial authority and urbanization of the Byzantine protected them from population loss and economic reverse of the Western Empire. The Bubonic Plague and other epidemics, excluded from this condition, caused decline of pop., elite, and wealth and shifting views of saints. Power in the imperial court was organized by family based aristocracy rather than earlier class based office holdings by 11th century. Territorial losses of prosperous Egypt, Syria, and Tunisia by the Sassanids and invasions of Slavic and Turkish people in the Byzantine Empire led to military weakness and decline. In western Europe, the imperial legal framework of the Roman Empire disappeared and saw to the rise of kings, nobles and chieftains. Family based traditions of the Germanic people persisted and supplied laws of the Roman emperors. Society focused on rural villages and estates (manors) rather than cities. The Church also played a huge part in the political structure in both Byzantine and especially the West where not only did it offer religious guidance, but political jurisdiction as well according to church or clergy property. Three traditions constantly competed with each other; Feudal law from Germanic custom gave supreme power to the king, canon law is the single hierarchical legal institution with jurisdiction over Western Christians, and Monasticism which is living in a religious and secular community following pre-Christian practices such as celibacy, chastity, obedience and poverty. 4. Describe the process by which Christianity diverged into two branches: Eastern Orthodoxy and Roman Catholicism. There were disagreements between the popes and princes of Western Europe that gradually worsened. The patriarchs of Constantinople challenged the jurisdictions of the popes of Rome and some practices of the Latin Church. This formed a schism or split between the Latin Church and Orthodox Church. Christian populations followed the religious guidance of the pope of Constantinople and the pope of the Western Church had similar authority. Missionaries in the East spread Christianity among the Slavs so in the west, they spread Christianity into the British Isles and German lands. In the West, the papacy is the central administration of the Roman Catholic Church of which the pope is the head. Roman nobles lost control of it though eventually and became an international office where councils of bishops set canons or rules to regulate the priest and people not part of clergy. It was hard to unite the church when there were disagreements between regions over church regulations, shortages of trained clergy, political disorder, insecurity, some polytheism, and selling appointments. Because of political fragmentation, the pope needed allies, especially the support of the king. Both considered themselves as absolute authority. In 969, the Holy Roman Empire established loose confederation of German states and principalities. The first emperor had secular political authority over general Christian interests but the law of the church controlled jurisdiction overall church and clergy property while bishops holding land as vassals owed their service to kings and princes. This led to the investiture controversy or medieval struggle between the church and the lay lords to control churc h appointments and popes vs. emperors and kings. 5. What role did technology and improvements in agriculture play in the development of the European economy? Agricultural Europe produced horses for a specific type of warfare in the Roman legion where larger and heavier horses were needed. Farmers practiced shifting cultivation in Kievan Russia where they would burn a section of forest for fertility instead of manorial agriculture system. Between 1000-1200 western Europe transformed from subsistence farming where only basic needs were met for food, shelter and clothing to growing population and agricultural production. The food surplus made the return of a money-based economy and supported larger numbers of workers and traders. Population growth was started by new technologies and the appearance of the self-governing cities of Italy and Flanders devoted to seaborne trade. There were also improvements in central administration, greater control over vassals, and stronger kingdoms. A new plow appeared which cut deep into the soil to turn over land and made it easier to farm heavy soil but took more energy and animals. The horse collar was a harnessing method used to hitch horse to plows and carts more efficiently as they were faster and stronger than oxen. Some areas favored oxen and contributed to the pop. growth as well. 6. How did Kievan Russia develop both in conjuncture with Western Europe and Byzantium yet develop distinct  characteristics? The environment is quite different because of the fact that there is frozen tundra in the north, cold forest zone, then a more temperate forest, mixed forests and steppe grasslands. There is a different culture of the Slavic people who spoke distinct languages. Kievan Russia developed Orthodox Christianity officially like in Byzantine which extended northward which provided a barrier against Latin Christianity. Even though orthodox Christianity was the official religionthere was still distinct cultural traditions such as polytheist designs and beliefs, rejections of Christian burial practices, and traditional Slavic marriage practicing casual and polygamous relations. Besides this, Kievan developed distinct ones as well. Its political power came from trade rather than from landholding like the manorial system of western Europe. Farmers practiced shifting cultivation in Kievan Russia where they would burn a section of forest for fertility. Poor land and short growing season in the very north made food scarce so the focus was more on horse breeding than agriculture.

The Inflation Crisis and how to resolve it essays

The Inflation Crisis and how to resolve it essays The first major issue described in this book is the question of the true definition of inflation and what misconceptions and misunderstandings surround the concept itself. Inflation is defines as an increase in the supply of money and credit (11). Yet, it is sometimes less commonly defines as the consequential rise of prices caused by the increase of money. One effect of inflation is the concept of supply and demand. As explained on page 12, a price is an exchange ratio between dollars and a unit of goods. When people have more dollars, they value each dollar less. Goods then rise in price, not because goods are scarcer than before, but because dollars are more abundant, and thus less valued. There are many different qualifications when inflation is to be considered. One such qualification is the question of future quantities of dollars. Also, when there is an issue of quantity, there almost always has to be the question of quality. If the public loses faith in the money or promises they have invested or currently have, they may turn to gold, for example, to contest their savings (14). One of the most astounding fact surrounding the issue of inflation is the period of time that this has been occurring in American history. As the book notes, many people believe that this is an issue only concerning the latter part of the 20th century, yet this is completely wrong. According to Hazlitt, the issue of inflation has been going on for over forty years. When comparing and contrasting the tables and charts given in chapter 2, one focuses of the negatively correlated index of consumer prices and the purchasing power of the consumer dollar. The following chapter analyzes the cause or to see where the blame is placed for the issue if inflation. Many people blame the politicians, while other blame consumers who most likely blame wholesalers or even retailer. One way the government tri...

Free Essays on WWI US Interests

From 1898 to 1919, the United States failed to recognize that it had vital interest at stakes in Europe, where it tried to stay aloof. At the same time, it had few or no such interests in Latin America where it eagerly became involved. Assess the validity of this statement. The United States, at the end of the 19th century and the start of the 20th, began to emerge on the world stage as a full-fledged nation. As a nation, it needed to be in contact with the current events happening around it. From 1898 to 1919, the US was eagerly involved in both Europe and Latin America because it found vital stakes in both spheres. Theodore Roosevelt was one of the first presidents who moved America onto an international stage. The world saw his big stick, his great white fleet and his artful maneuvering of the Russo-Japanese treatise. Later, Woodrow Wilson was charged with continuing America’s influence on a moral basis, as well as tying America into the First World War in Europe. These two presidents set the stage for America in the western hemisphere and the eastern hemisphere, respectively. As the United States navy grew at the prodding of Alfred Thayer Mahan’s writing and Roosevelt’s insistence, it became necessary to move her large ships efficiently about the world. This necessity was brought into the limelight when a United States ship had to travel the lengthy passage around Latin America in order to reach the revolution in Cuba. Such a fiasco of stopping to re-coal and traveling the distance forced the president to recognize the need for a canal, more notably through Panama. Once the Panama Canal was built, it saved US shipping and travel thousands of dollars because it need not pay in order to pass through- dubiously acquired- United States soil. Beyond the Panamanian strip, America found the constant revolutions, unpaid debts and general instability in its own backyard to be a magnet for European interference. To pr... Free Essays on WWI US Interests Free Essays on WWI US Interests From 1898 to 1919, the United States failed to recognize that it had vital interest at stakes in Europe, where it tried to stay aloof. At the same time, it had few or no such interests in Latin America where it eagerly became involved. Assess the validity of this statement. The United States, at the end of the 19th century and the start of the 20th, began to emerge on the world stage as a full-fledged nation. As a nation, it needed to be in contact with the current events happening around it. From 1898 to 1919, the US was eagerly involved in both Europe and Latin America because it found vital stakes in both spheres. Theodore Roosevelt was one of the first presidents who moved America onto an international stage. The world saw his big stick, his great white fleet and his artful maneuvering of the Russo-Japanese treatise. Later, Woodrow Wilson was charged with continuing America’s influence on a moral basis, as well as tying America into the First World War in Europe. These two presidents set the stage for America in the western hemisphere and the eastern hemisphere, respectively. As the United States navy grew at the prodding of Alfred Thayer Mahan’s writing and Roosevelt’s insistence, it became necessary to move her large ships efficiently about the world. This necessity was brought into the limelight when a United States ship had to travel the lengthy passage around Latin America in order to reach the revolution in Cuba. Such a fiasco of stopping to re-coal and traveling the distance forced the president to recognize the need for a canal, more notably through Panama. Once the Panama Canal was built, it saved US shipping and travel thousands of dollars because it need not pay in order to pass through- dubiously acquired- United States soil. Beyond the Panamanian strip, America found the constant revolutions, unpaid debts and general instability in its own backyard to be a magnet for European interference. To pr...

Case Study Analysis - Facebook Faces Up Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Case Study Analysis - Facebook Faces Up - Essay Example With 200 million users, Facebook has no other way but up as it will naturally grow in number over time and eventually affect our lives because of the impact it brings (Mezrich, 2009). With the vast number of applications available at Facebook, it is no wonder that it is the current number one networking site. It is an amalgamation of all the good things that the now generation is hoping to see and simultaneously utilize. It has photo sharing, video sharing and wall posting among other things. Connectivity has never been easier, in it there’s almost no need for any messaging software as you can easily see who among your friends are online and automatically chat with them. An inbox is also at the users’ disposal which functions pretty much like an email. Friends can also be tagged in personally posted photos where it will instantly be included in their photo list. Perhaps one of its groundbreaking applications that have gained tremendous popularity is the advent of social networking games within the site that are quite addicting. Pet Society, Mafia Wars, Farmville, Farmtown, RestaurantVille and YoVille are just some of these. Here, members can take part in interactive and Role Playing Games that mostly involves having interface with other members of your community. These applications are very helpful in how Facebook is viewed as a marketing goldmine and how this now billion-dollar business is continually growing by the second. The fact that it has grown as more than a niche for college students and recent college graduates post a problem for the website as it may turn to the alienation of its target market. This is a common problem as the company grows. And since it is a web-based social networking tool, the possibility of something to come forward and attract its market is tantamount. The current traffic can be attributed to 11.5 million 35 years old and above visitors and the 150, 000 daily new

Analysis of Protecting the Environment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Analysis of Protecting the Environment - Essay Example   Protecting the environment is crucial to healthy living in the society and since humanity is the principal user of nature, it is vitally important to ensure our environment is protected well enough, to conserve our natural resources, and to control various hazards that may have adverse impacts on all living things. The conservation of our natural resources and curtailing of environmental degradation is crucially important to promote a healthy lifestyle for people in any society. This research paper attempts to discuss the importance of environmental conservation, cleanliness of habitats, and protection against environmentally caused diseases, creating awareness about the environment and methods used to safeguard against environmental degradation. ... In this review, we would be discussing the following salient features to ensure a better understanding towards protecting our environment. Problems of Air Pollution – Air pollution has always been a hazard where health is concerned because it has a great impact on all living things. (NRDC, Natural Resources Defence Council) Bernstein J.A. (2004) in his journal on ‘Health Effects of Air Pollution’ sheds light on the subject, defining air pollution to be ‘the emission of particulate toxic elements into the atmosphere by natural anthropogenic sources.’ (Zell, et al., 2010.) According to the author, pollution density is characterized by the escalating amounts of emission pollutants through sources which are man-made. These pollutant emissions come from motorized traffic, factories and from the burning of fuels. The WHO gives us the top ten causes of death by air pollution in their Fact Sheet No. 310 discussing the impact of air pollution on human health a nd the environment. (WHO, Fact Sheet, The Top 10 Causes of Death.) a) Problems of Water Pollution Water pollution is a human problem and one that needs to be streamlined. In his article on water pollution, Chris Woodford highlights the fact that water pollution has become worse, ever since the Industrial Revolution and this has impacted upon the water resources on our planet. (Chris Woodford, 2013.) In his article, he discusses the various types of water pollution and its harmful effects on all living things because of the harmful substances present in it. Woodford (2013) also states that it is vital to know if a source of water is polluted or not and this can be carried out through chemical and biological  indicators. (Chris Woodford, 2013) The other topics to be discussed in water pollution would be – a) Harmful substances that contaminate water, b) Cleanliness and Hygiene of our surroundings, c) Waste disposal and d) Planting of trees.

Tear the Curtain Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Tear the Curtain - Essay Example Alex is a Vancouver theater critic and is very passionate about his work. He firmly believes he found the legendary theater director Stanley Lee who directed the famous (or infamous) ‘The Empty Space’. Alex is strong in his conviction that Stanley Lee is the person who can destroy audience complacency, as he is not satisfied with the way the theater business is progressing. But what Alex is trying to do is not easy. He strives to prove something through Stanley Lee but himself gets caught up between two mob families and the Empty Space Society. The breakdown of Alex has a buildup revolving around Stanley Theatre. The two rival gangs are trying to take control of this theater and Alex gets caught up in the crossfire (Kaplan, 2012). Anagnorisis occurs in the play when Alex creates confusion among the audience about reality and truth. For a moment the audience gets puzzled if they are watching a play or is it happening in real life, or probably they too are the part of a play. This strange sense of existence or the question of existence seeds catharsis in the audience. Although the plot of the play doesn’t revolve around Rene Decarte’s philosophy of existence yet there are aspects in the play that leave a deep impact on the audience, the make them question their own existence. This conflict leads them to a catharsis, where they ask quick question to their own ‘self’ to confirm if they really exist in the audience or are they on s stage. But this form of questioning is overshadowed by the strong premise that they bought the tickets to the play and that can’t be a part of the play. They have their lives back at home, their own sense of existence. How can that be true that Alex is reading the script and the script itself reads he is reading it? It is there and then the audiences get wrinkles on their foreheads, some start scratching their chins, while some would look away from the stage to

Voter Initiatives Affecting Ell Essay Example for Free

Voter Initiatives Affecting Ell Essay It is no secret that the debate over what is the best course of action to educate our non-native English language students across the country is a highly charged topic that runs from the classroom to Capitol Hill. There have been many shifts in direction and focus of educational programs for English Language Learning (ELL) students during the past century in our nations history. In 1968, with the passage of the Bilingual Education Act (Title VII of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act) legislation was adopted to support programs for educating language-minority students. For the first time, this federal law provided legal guidelines and funding for transitional bilingual education programs. This legislation was further developed in 1974 as a result of the US Supreme Court ruling in Lau V Nichols where a group of Chinese immigrant parents in San Francisco argued that the school district was not adequately providing an equal and effective education because they failed to address their students needs to learn English. As a result of this ruling the mandate to school districts was established to focus funding and attention around a sufficient bilingual education program. Several rulings following this case helped to clarify the need for adequate pedagogy, a sufficient number of qualified teachers to implement the program and a system to measure the effectiveness (Mora,2009). However, the tone of bilingual education began to shift beginning in 1998 when states began to propose anti-bilingual-education ballot initiatives. Three such initiatives were passed in California (1998), Arizona (2000), and Massachusetts (2002) but were rejected in Colorado (2002) and Oregon (2008). (Mora, 2009) All three initiatives in California, Arizona, and Massachusetts were initiated by the same person, Ron Unz, a wealthy chairman of a financial services software company from California. The result of his efforts created Proposition 227 in California, Proposition 203 in Arizona and 603 CMR 14.00 in Massachusetts which all required that English language learners be educated for one year in a sheltered English immersion program. After that time students must then transfer into mainstream English classrooms. The laws only allowed for instruction of students in their non-English native language under limited and restricted conditions through a parental petition and waiver process (Mora, 2009) The real issue at hand concerning these introduction of these laws are much deeper cultural and sociological issues. According to the California Department of Education, changes in school demographic figures indicate that the language minority student population at that time was growing two and a half times faster than the general student enrollment. As an example, nowhere was this change more notable than in California where 1.4 million students were classified as English language learners, with native Spanish-speakers comprising 82 percent of this population (Weisman and Hanson, 2002). Before the implementation of Proposition 227 eliminated the need to provide bilingual education, California was reported to be short 22,000 bilingual teachers. Bilingual teachers on average were paid $5000 more annually than non-bilingual teachers. This law eliminated the need for these resources. To other voters, the concept that children can learn in their native language while also learning English and eventually achieve academically in English contradicted the American tradition of assimilating immigrants into the mainstream society. To many opponents of the bilingual education program that existed prior to these laws, encouraging bilingualism and biculturalism threatened the very definition of the American culture, which, they believed, promoted the values and language of a common group (Weisman and Hanson,2002). ). These proponents of the initiatives believed that new immigrants must abandon their native languages and cultural practices to fully assimilate into U.S. society. They feared that Spanish-speaking immigrants in particular had been clinging to their language and resisting learning English (Mora,2009). It remains to be seen the impact that this legislation has had on the academic outcomes of ELL students. In Arizona, research has suggested that the immersion program has been ineffective with only 11% of students entering the one year program actually obtaining English proficiency within a one year period (English for children, 2013). In California, due to the dramatic changes in the education policy of the state since the passage of Prop 227, it is difficult to measure the impact that Proposition 227 specifically has had on the outcome of these students (American Institutes for Research and WestEd, 2006). One thing is clear, the improvement in the outcomes for ELL students since the adoption of these state initiatives has not been noteworthy. While there has been a slight decrease in the performance gap between ELs and native English speakers, it has remained virtually constant in most subject areas for most grades (American Institutes et al, 2006). Despite the new law, the growing presence of students whose native language is not English indicates that the need for teachers who can understand the language and culture of their students has not waned (Weisman,et al 2002). Educators have reported that since the implementation of the law in their classrooms they have felt frustrations about instructional constraints, concerns about adverse effects on students, fear, intimidation, tension, and a sense of political consciousness(Weisman et al, 2002). In conclusion, the one common denominator resulting from the implementation of the state voter initiatives is that it has created conflict between the law and the instructional tools that educators know to be effective. The initiatives have been more of an expression of cultural ideas and insecurities that have affected the productivity and the role of our education system as it pertains to integrating immigrant Americans. In the future, in order to best navigate the changes in policies and legal mandates concerning the outcomes of ELL students, educators should lean more on research and experience to drive educational programs that will be most effective to this population of students. In this way, our countrys education system can lessen the emotional impact of various cultural groups and political agendas and allow all students to receive the core educational standard set forth in the Equal Education Opportunity Act of 1974, a fair and equitable education for all students regardless of race, ethnicity or language of origin. References American Institutes for Research, WestEd. (2006, January 24). Effects of the implementation of Prop 227 on the education of English learners, K-12. Retrieved from http://www.wested.org/online_pubs/227Reportb.pdf English for children (Arizona Proposition 203, 2000). (2013, January 24). Wikipedia. Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_for_Children_(Arizona_Proposition_203,_2000) Mora, J. K. (2009, April). Membership. Educational leadership: Supporting English language learners: From the ballot box to the classroom. Retrieved from http://www.ascd.org/publications/educational-leadership/apr09/vol66/num07/From-the-Ballot-Box-to-the-Classroom.aspx Weisman, E. M., Hanson, D. Z. (2002). Teaching English language learners after Prop 227: Reflections of bilingual teachers. Issues in Teacher Education, 53-68. Retrieved from http://www1.chapman.edu/ITE/weismanhanson.pdf

Saving behaviour of Malaysian university students

Saving behaviour of Malaysian university students The purpose of doing this research is to determine the factors that influence the saving behavior towards private and public university students in Malaysia. There is an introduction regarding the research background about the factors influence the saving behavior towards private and public university students in Malaysia. For information, it determines the objectives of entire research and also justifies significant of research which outlines the purpose of this research. In addition, it also provided the definition for important terms throughout the research. With the rapid development of the financial system and the broader array of financial products and services available to consumers, there is an increasing need for Malaysians to make wise savings and investment decisions that will have lasting implications for their financial well-being. Due to the many peoples lack of the skill to manage their financial status, financial problems increase day by day. As a result, the understanding of the important of saving behavior and a clear picture of this matter is an important element to us. We are required to get a full answer from the problem. Previously there are a lot of researches had been done by other researcher. However, the studied is not well enough to give an insight or the key for the problem. The research is going to identify research problems by gathering all relevant and appropriate sources to support the statements and see how other researchers have perceived regarding the topic area. All data collected from previous studies are used to demonstrate the relationship between independent and dependent variables and it will show how independent variables make impact on the dependent variable. Chapter 2 Literature Review 2.2 Independent Variables 2.2.1 Demographic Factors Soo (2009) explained that demographic variables played a significant role in explaining attitude toward saving. However, when demographic variables were not considered, characteristics of saving goals and individual regulatory orientation were significantly related to attitude toward saving. In addition, the effect of saving goals was moderated by a households regulatory orientation. Moreover, it was concluded that saving goals affect attitude towards saving and saving behavior among peoples. Based on Jehad (2007), understanding the demographic problem behind the saving patterns is benefits for designing effective public policy. Age According with Joe, Hadley Balasundram (2002), many college students were unworried about their own financial status, future wealth, and retirement planning. Thus, the attitudes of the preschool children toward saving can consider an important personal characteristic because it may give an impact to them for their future life. (John Andrew, 2002). Nowadays young generation have low level of financial literacy, which due to their uncontrolled expenditure behavior. In the advancing ages, it would be quite difficult for an individual to develop the habit of systematic manage their financial planning (Pillai, Rozita Rachel, 2010). Due to the age factor, youth lack of the skill of financial literacy compared to middle-aged and older adults who have more experienced in financial planning (Pillai et. al., 2010). Besides, based on Elsa, Annamaria Chiara (2009), older individuals may have little discretionary saving the reason is because the amount of saving is already providing for their future retirement needs. From the research of Mohamad Maurice (2010), students who had late enrolled in their childhood consumer experience were considerably less likely to report financial problems. Moreover, Students are never required to educate themselves on personal finance. Once they enter the workforce, they will likely not take the time to become more financially literate and will not adequately prepare for their retirement (Chris Oliver, 2011). In contrast, the younger generation and the elderly save very little primarily due to their lower income, respectively. Thus, the life cycle hypothesis implies that private saving rises with a higher percentage of the working population, and falls with a higher percentage of the younger generation and aging population .According to the life cycle hypothesis, the middle age groups were categories to be the best in managing their saving. The life cycle hypothesis also suggests that young and old groups are the least likely to save because of their situation (Jehad 2007). A positive relationship between age and saving has been reported in many studies (Chang, 1994; Johnson Widdows, 1985; Browning Lusardi, 1996). Browning andLusardi documented a complex relationship between age and saving. Using crosssectional data, they concluded that elderly savings can be complicated by a cohort effect. Generally, people reaching maturity at different times might vary their attitude toward risk and borrowing, consequently affecting their saving rate. Using panel data, Hurd (1990) reported a decline in wealth among the elderly, suggesting a negative relationship between age and saving. Other studies compared the actual saving rate of different age groups with the expected saving rate based on economic models. Browning and Crossley (2001) concluded that while the elderly dissave, their actual dissaving rate is not as large as that predicted by an economic model. Avery and Kennickell (1991) found that age groups older than 65 saved more than what would be expected ba sed on an economic model. Gender According with Maria Stephanie (2002), studies in the field of psychometrics had found out that female attitude toward risk differs from male and demonstrates that gender is a powerful determinant of risk attitudes and judgments. The Study of John Andrew (2002) had show that the mothers attitudes are systematically both more important and than man. It can be said that female students were more likely to engage in savings behavior than male students (Maria et. al., 2002) In addition, according from Mohamad, Maurice, Jariah, Tahira Mohd (2008), female students had greater financial well-being than male students. From Angela, Urvi Erik (2008), it stated that women wealth has historically been lower than men. Moreover, the results of the current study had showed that there has an existing of the differences within saving behaviors between men and women (Angela et. al., 2008). Patti (2010) had reported that women who were in poor health condition were seldom to make their saving in the short period, while poor health condition did not significantly influence the short term saving of men. Furthermore, Patti et. al., (2010) has shown that the economic wellbeing and financial behaviors of male and female differ significantly. Female hold lower levels of wealth and have significantly lower earnings than male. Gender based differences in behavior that are systematic and widespread can influence consumptions, savings, investment and the level of risk taking at aggregate level were mentioned by (Szekeres et. al., 2010). The researches on developing countries proved that women may have a stronger preference than men for buying goods and services that contribute to the human capital of their children, such as food, education, and health care (Valeria, 2010). The study of Szekeres (2010) show that the term of gender refers to socially learned behaviors that are associated with females and males. Parents Marital Status David (2010) the analysis indicates that marital-status transitions play an important role that can impacts on personal saving decisions especially in the cases of widowhood and divorce. It stated that, when people get married, form a family, or separate through divorce or widowhood, they can experience dramatic changes in their financial positions. Therefore, the marital status and children almost certainly affect household resources, preferences, and background risk, and these elements lie at the heart of any analysis of optimal asset allocation and wealth buildup over the life cycle. In addition, households experience an increase in wealth due to the merging of the spouses assets after they marriage. Moreover, household heads of each gender must engage one of five states at the beginning of each age. They can be married, divorced, widowed, never married, or deceased. According to Berkay (2010), it suggested that the legalization of divorce led to a significant increase in the propensity to save by married individuals, which is consistent with individuals saving more as a response to the increase in the probability of marital breakup. Moreover, from the same research, some theoretical work has made a challenge to introduce marriage and divorce explicitly in a model of savings. It argued that different channels through which marital transitions can have an effect on consumption and savings. Avery and Kennickell (1991) reported that during a three-year period the wealth of those married or single (for the entire period) increased, which indicated saving. However, wealth decreased for those whose status changed between 1983 and 1986. Rha, Montalto, and Hanna (2006) discovered that households with single heads and children, households with married heads and children, and households with single female heads without children were less likely to save, relative to households with single male heads without children. Households with children tend to save less (Douthitt Fedyk, 1989; Bosworth et al. 1991; Browning Crossley, 2001; Freyland, 2004; Deaton, 2005). Ethnicity According to Yusof, Erik Bart (2000), there were large fraction of the ethnic Malay work in low-wage industries, whereas the ethnic Chinese and Indians frequently work in high-wage industries. For information, Mohamad Maurice (2010) were found that it has a negative coefficient indicating that Chinese students were substantially less likely to have effective financial behavior than the reference category such as Malay, Indian and others. Perry and Morris (2005) used data from the 1999 Freddie Mac Consumer Credit Survey to examine responsible financial behaviors, such as saving money. They found low-income African Americans were more likely to engage in responsible financial behaviors than their low-income White counterparts. The research did not find a significant interaction effect between race and income with respect to responsible financial behaviors for the Asian and Hispanic groups. Rha, Montalto, and Hanna (2006) found that households with a White respondent were more likely to save than those with Black or Hispanic respondents. They also found that Black households were significantly less likely to save than White households. However, Hogarth and Anguelov (2003) found that Hispanics were more likely than Whites to be savers. Their results showed no differences among Blacks, Whites, and other races in likelihood of being a saver. 2.1.2 Family Structure An additional child might cause a negative influence on a familys ability to save while. On the other hand, it may boost up the parents desire to save more (Tim, Sandra, Roslyn, Robert, 2006). The studies of Kathy (2009) had mentioned that the geographical redistribution of financial infrastructure, away from lower income communities, has resulted in geographical pockets of financial exclusion, economic decline, poverty and deprivation, as low-income households often do not have access to financial institutions and savings incentives. Additionally, low-income consumers often have to suffice with lower quality goods and services. They may have no choice but to purchase second hand goods, an option that is almost always viewed as second best (Joseph et. al., 2009). Besides, Additionally one can speculate about whether students from wealthy families might have had more and earlier consumer experience and greater financial socialization, so that those who scored higher on those predictors might also be able to rely more on their parents to assist them after graduation (Mohamad Maurice,2010) From the research of John Andrew (2002), it shows that parents wealth residuals are correlated to childrens wealth residuals. In other words, parents who save more than expected are more likely to have children who also save more than expected even after controlling for parental wealth. In addition, the first prediction of the model of the research were the savings behavior of children should be similar to that of their parents, controlling for income, age and other demographic variables. Thus, children observe parents consumption and planning behavior and may learn, or simply absorb, particular attitudes that affect savings behavior. Furthermore, homogeneity within communities and heterogeneity across communities could lead to relationships between parents and childrens behaviors. In between, the parental wealth may have direct effects on childrens behavior. Household income or lifetime earnings are positively associated with increases in household savings (Browning Lusardi, 1996; Chang, 1994; Rha, Montalto, Hanna, 2006; Hurd Zissimopoulus, 2003). Perry and Morris (2005) found that people with higher incomes were more likely to engage in responsible financial management behaviors, such as saving money. Avery and Kennickell (1991) reported that individuals with incomes more than $50,000 saved more than economic theory would suggest. Chang (1994) noted that income had a positive effect on saving. Rha, Montalto, and Hanna (2006) found a positive relationship between household income and the probability of saving. Browning and Lusardi (1996) noted that households with greater income uncertainty possessed higher savings from current income. 2.2 Spending Pattern Pillai et. al., 2010 With availability of generous pocket money, personal credit cards, access to credit cards of family members or high-paid jobs at prime age, young people are faster becoming impulsive spenders and prove reckless often. Moreover, strategic marketers are designing products and services targeting young generation. With the ease of information access through the Internet and web technology, marketers have managed to capture a significant market of youth through online store sales. In the Asian subcontinent, new trends in fashion, electronic gadgets, sports, video games, mall culture and music are important contributors to wasteful spending among the youth. Most of todays young adults, although smart and independent, scarcely understand the value of money because of the desire to adopt extravagant lifestyles, in addition the above mentioned factors. Young adults under the age of 30 are now the fastest growing age group filing for bankruptcy. Besides, evidences show tha t college students tend to spend their discretionary income on instant gratification of their wants rather than save money for their further education. Hibbert, Beutler Martin (2004) examine the influence of parental financial prudence on the attitude and behaviors of the next generation toward their finances. The study underscores the importance of family atmosphere to inculcate the necessity of being rational in personal financial management from the very early life of a person. Moreover, keeping personal financial records makes one to keep track of his or her various expenses and also develop the qualities of a cautious spender because one is constantly aware of how much he/she has spent probably during the last week, month or year. For information, spending in excess of their earnings is one of the most common problems faced by young adults today. The youth are following the I want philosophy, that is, they are more interested in accumulating material possessions than saving money and this leads to the domino effect of making impulsive purchasing decisions resulting in overspending and shortage of money. In addition, credit car d use habit has grown phenomenally among young adults. This increase in the number of youth holding credit cards and incurring credit card debt has generated concern that these young people are over extended and unaware of the long-term consequences associated with severe indebtedness. Moreover, John Andrew (2002) had mentioned that children are always be able to observe parents spending and planning behavior and learn the behavior from them. Mohamad Maurice (2010) stated that more than half of the respondents did not save any money when they received their scholarship or education loan. More than half of the students used their money for shopping. The data showed that 45 percent of them spent all their money before the end of the semester. 2.3 Educational Qualification It is obvious that people who are educated would be more aware about their future life. Thus, the important on saving might be one of the factors that make them taking into their consideration (Joseph, Clifford Annette, 2011). In addition, Masud, Husniyah, Laily, Sonya (2004) had pointed out that it is possible for educators to offer a course that teaches the financial skills necessary to overcome the financial problems among university students. For information, John Marco (2000) explored that the parents education levels would have a causal effect on childs education. Moreover, Mohamad Maurice (2010) stated that those students with higher financial knowledge were more likely to engage in saving behavior. Furthermore, the research said that the college-educated parents are strongly associated with higher residuals, it may effect that survives controlling for wealth (John Andrew 2002). Angela, Urvi Erik (2008) predictable a bargaining model of household saving behavior and found out those households where the husband had more education than the wife had lower levels of net worth. Higher rates of tertiary education which could perhaps be counted as another form of investment have also contributed to increasing debt (Janice,2007) 2.4 Sibling Rank Keister (2003) found that the number of siblings a person has is a significant predictor of the importance one places on saving for retirement. The more siblings one has, the less time each child has devoted exclusively to them from their parents. Parents with more children tend to save less and have less time to educate each child about saving. Also, the more siblings one has the less likely their parents are to pay for college, give them a car, or put the down payment on their first home. This causes them to have to pay for these items with no financial assistance from their parents. They are forced to start their finances off in debt and once someone is in debt, they often remain there for the rest of their lives. In addition, the more siblings one has the less likely they are to receive an inheritance when their parents pass away. In addition, it also finds that overall, the more siblings one has the less wealth accumulation they are likely to achieve. 2.5 Place of Origin Masud, Husniyah, Laily Sonya (2004) had mentioned that when the place of origin was compared, a higher percentage of those from rural areas reported experiencing more problems compared to those from urban areas. Students from rural areas may have a limited amount of resources in comparison to urban area students. Soo(2009). A students residential status can also influence the problems he or she faces. A higher percentage of those living off campus did not have sufficient money to last until the end of semester compared to those living on campus. Students living off campus spend more money on items that students on campus do not have to pay for, such as gasoline for commuting. Yet, a higher percentage of students living on campus reported skipping meals to save money. Since their money was not sufficient to last until the end semester, several students have to borrow money from friends. Thirty percent of males and no females indicated that they plan to pay off their debt when they get the money.